[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":1415},["ShallowReactive",2],{"kb-en-\u002Fkb\u002Freports\u002Freviewing":3,"kb-nav-en":1038},{"page":4,"fallback":1028},{"id":5,"title":6,"body":7,"description":1026,"extension":1027,"faq":1028,"meta":1029,"navigation":1030,"ogImage":1031,"order":1032,"path":1033,"raw":1028,"robots":1031,"schemaOrg":1031,"seo":1034,"sitemap":1035,"stem":1036,"__hash__":1037},"content_en\u002Fkb\u002Freports\u002Freviewing.md","Reviewing a calculation",{"type":8,"value":9,"toc":1007},"minimark",[10,14,19,22,50,58,75,79,90,93,97,144,149,152,248,252,302,306,309,315,322,326,329,362,374,378,386,390,393,680,688,692,695,698,779,783,978,981,985,998,1002],[11,12,13],"p",{},"This page is for the engineer on the other side of the table: the one who did not build\nthe model and has to decide whether to sign the check. It assumes you have a PDF\ncalculation package, and possibly read access to the live model.",[15,16,18],"h2",{"id":17},"what-you-are-looking-at","What you are looking at",[11,20,21],{},"An Elementarium report is generated from the solved model, not assembled by hand. Two\nconsequences:",[23,24,25,33],"ul",{},[26,27,28,32],"li",{},[29,30,31],"strong",{},"Nothing in it can disagree with the model"," as it stood when the report was\nexported. The combination table, the reactions and the utilisations are the model's\nown values, printed.",[26,34,35,38,39,44,45,49],{},[29,36,37],{},"It is a snapshot."," The live model may have moved on since. Check the export date\nagainst the revision you are reviewing, and if you have model access, open the\n",[40,41,43],"a",{"href":42},"\u002Fkb\u002Fcollaboration\u002Fversion-history","named version"," the report was issued from rather\nthan assuming the live model is the same. Review points can be left as\n",[40,46,48],{"href":47},"\u002Fkb\u002Fcollaboration\u002Fcomments","comments"," pinned to the members they concern, and marked\nblocking so the next export warns while they are open.",[11,51,52,53,57],{},"The report's five chapters — project and design basis, structural model, loads,\nanalysis results, design verification — are described in\n",[40,54,56],{"href":55},"\u002Fkb\u002Freports\u002Fexporting","Exporting a report",".",[59,60,63],"callout",{"type":61,"title":62},"tip","Read the limitations first",[11,64,65,66,69,70,74],{},"The ",[29,67,68],{},"assumptions and limitations"," section, in the last chapter, is where each design\nmodule states what it did ",[71,72,73],"em",{},"not"," verify.",[15,76,78],{"id":77},"ask-for-read-access","Ask for read access",[11,80,81,82,85,86,57],{},"If you can, ask for ",[29,83,84],{},"read"," access to the project rather than a second PDF. A reader can\nopen every result, table and check, switch combinations, amplify the deflected shape and\nexport tables — and cannot change anything. It removes the \"can you send me the model\"\ncycle and the risk of reviewing a revision that is two behind. See\n",[40,87,89],{"href":88},"\u002Fkb\u002Fcollaboration\u002Fsharing-projects","Sharing a project",[11,91,92],{},"Sharing requires the author to be on a paid plan. If they are not, the PDF is what you\nhave, and the sections below still apply.",[15,94,96],{"id":95},"the-questions-in-the-order-they-pay","The questions, in the order they pay",[98,99,100],"steps",{},[101,102,103,109,115,121,127,133,139],"ol",{},[26,104,105,108],{},[29,106,107],{},"What was assumed?"," Code and annex, overrides, combination rules, supports, element sizes.",[26,110,111,114],{},[29,112,113],{},"Does the model represent the structure?"," Deflected shape, supports, releases, sections.",[26,116,117,120],{},[29,118,119],{},"Does the load reach the supports?"," Sum the reactions.",[26,122,123,126],{},[29,124,125],{},"Are the combinations right?"," Count, favourable permanent, exclusivity, SLS set.",[26,128,129,132],{},[29,130,131],{},"Is the mesh fine enough?"," A stated convergence check.",[26,134,135,138],{},[29,136,137],{},"One member by hand."," The simplest span.",[26,140,141],{},[29,142,143],{},"Only then, the utilisations.",[145,146,148],"h3",{"id":147},"_1-what-was-assumed","1. What was assumed?",[11,150,151],{},"Before any number: the design code and national annex, every parameter overridden from\nthe annex default, the combination rules used (6.10, or 6.10a\u002Fb), the support\nidealisations and the reasoning behind them, and the element sizes. All of these should\nbe stated in the report; if they are not, that is the first comment.",[11,153,65,154,158,159,247],{},[40,155,157],{"href":156},"\u002Fkb\u002Fdesign-checks\u002Fnational-annexes","national annex"," deserves particular attention.\nThe ",[160,161,164],"span",{"className":162},[163],"katex",[160,165,169],{"className":166,"ariaHidden":168},[167],"katex-html","true",[160,170,173,178],{"className":171},[172],"base",[160,174],{"className":175,"style":177},[176],"strut","height:0.625em;vertical-align:-0.1944em;",[160,179,182,188],{"className":180},[181],"mord",[160,183,187],{"className":184,"style":186},[181,185],"mathnormal","margin-right:0.0556em;","γ",[160,189,192],{"className":190},[191],"msupsub",[160,193,197,238],{"className":194},[195,196],"vlist-t","vlist-t2",[160,198,201,233],{"className":199},[200],"vlist-r",[160,202,206],{"className":203,"style":205},[204],"vlist","height:0.3283em;",[160,207,209,214],{"style":208},"top:-2.55em;margin-left:-0.0556em;margin-right:0.05em;",[160,210],{"className":211,"style":213},[212],"pstrut","height:2.7em;",[160,215,221],{"className":216},[217,218,219,220],"sizing","reset-size6","size3","mtight",[160,222,224,229],{"className":223},[181,220],[160,225,228],{"className":226,"style":227},[181,185,220],"margin-right:0.109em;","M",[160,230,232],{"className":231},[181,220],"0",[160,234,237],{"className":235},[236],"vlist-s","​",[160,239,241],{"className":240},[200],[160,242,245],{"className":243,"style":244},[204],"height:0.15em;",[160,246],{}," it sets divides every cross-section resistance, and a wrong annex moves\nevery utilisation by several percent with nothing looking obviously wrong.",[145,249,251],{"id":250},"_2-does-the-model-represent-the-structure","2. Does the model represent the structure?",[23,253,254,260,271,277],{},[26,255,256,259],{},[29,257,258],{},"Deflected shape."," With model access, amplify it and look. Members moving\nindependently of neighbours are not connected; supports that move are not what the\nreport says; asymmetry under symmetric load means the restraints are not what the\nauthor thinks. Without model access, the report's deformed-shape figures are the\nsubstitute, per combination.",[26,261,262,265,266,270],{},[29,263,264],{},"Supports."," Pinned, fixed or spring — and which is conservative for the effect being\nchecked is not always obvious. ",[40,267,269],{"href":268},"\u002Fkb\u002Fmodeling\u002Fsupports-and-releases","Supports and releases","\nhas the table.",[26,272,273,276],{},[29,274,275],{},"Releases."," Where the drawings show a simple connection, is there a release? Where\nthey show a moment connection, is there not?",[26,278,279,282,283,301],{},[29,280,281],{},"Sections and materials."," The member schedule and the materials table are in the\nmodel chapter. ",[160,284,286],{"className":285},[163],[160,287,289],{"className":288,"ariaHidden":168},[167],[160,290,292,296],{"className":291},[172],[160,293],{"className":294,"style":295},[176],"height:0.6833em;",[160,297,300],{"className":298,"style":299},[181,185],"margin-right:0.0576em;","E",", density and yield strength are the three to check against the\nspecification.",[145,303,305],{"id":304},"_3-does-the-load-reach-the-supports","3. Does the load reach the supports?",[11,307,308],{},"The reactions table is in the analysis chapter. Sum the vertical reactions for the\nself-weight case and compare with the structure's weight; sum them for each load case and\ncompare with the applied load.",[59,310,312],{"type":311},"danger",[11,313,314],{},"A mismatch beyond rounding means load was applied to something not connected to the\nsupports. The model has a defect that no utilisation will reveal.",[11,316,317,321],{},[40,318,320],{"href":319},"\u002Fkb\u002Fgetting-started\u002Ffirst-analysis","Your first analysis"," describes the same check from\nthe author's side.",[145,323,325],{"id":324},"_4-are-the-combinations-right","4. Are the combinations right?",[11,327,328],{},"The combination table in the loads chapter lists every combination with its partial\nfactors. Look for:",[23,330,331,337,343,349,355],{},[26,332,65,333,336],{},[29,334,335],{},"count"," is plausible for the number of variable actions and arrangements.",[26,338,65,339,342],{},[29,340,341],{},"favourable permanent"," variants exist where uplift or overturning could govern.",[26,344,345,348],{},[29,346,347],{},"Exclusive"," actions — wind directions, load arrangements — never appear together.",[26,350,65,351,354],{},[29,352,353],{},"SLS"," set used for deflection is the right one for what is being protected:\ncharacteristic, frequent or quasi-permanent.",[26,356,357,358,361],{},"The set was ",[29,359,360],{},"regenerated"," after the last load case was added — a case missing from\nevery combination is the symptom.",[11,363,364,368,369,373],{},[40,365,367],{"href":366},"\u002Fkb\u002Floads\u002Fcombinations","Automatic combinations"," and\n",[40,370,372],{"href":371},"\u002Fkb\u002Floads\u002Fasce-7-combinations","ASCE 7 combinations"," list the rules the generator\napplies.",[145,375,377],{"id":376},"_5-is-the-mesh-fine-enough","5. Is the mesh fine enough?",[11,379,380,381,385],{},"For a model with surfaces, the report should state the element size and that a\nconvergence check was performed, with its result — \"halving the element size changed\nthe governing moment by 1.4%\". If it does not, ask. A peak moment at a column in a slab\nis a ",[40,382,384],{"href":383},"\u002Fkb\u002Fmeshing\u002Felement-size#singularities-where-refinement-never-helps","singularity","\nand should have been read at the column face or integrated over a strip, not at the\nnode.",[145,387,389],{"id":388},"_6-one-member-by-hand","6. One member by hand",[11,391,392],{},"Pick the simplest span — a purlin, a secondary beam — and check it:",[160,394,397],{"className":395},[396],"katex-display",[160,398,400],{"className":399},[163],[160,401,403,425,569],{"className":402,"ariaHidden":168},[167],[160,404,406,409,412,417,422],{"className":405},[172],[160,407],{"className":408,"style":295},[176],[160,410,228],{"className":411,"style":227},[181,185],[160,413],{"className":414,"style":416},[415],"mspace","margin-right:0.2778em;",[160,418,421],{"className":419},[420],"mrel","=",[160,423],{"className":424,"style":416},[415],[160,426,428,432,542,547,551,555,560,563,566],{"className":427},[172],[160,429],{"className":430,"style":431},[176],"height:2.1771em;vertical-align:-0.686em;",[160,433,435,440,538],{"className":434},[181],[160,436],{"className":437},[438,439],"mopen","nulldelimiter",[160,441,444],{"className":442},[443],"mfrac",[160,445,447,529],{"className":446},[195,196],[160,448,450,526],{"className":449},[200],[160,451,454,468,479],{"className":452,"style":453},[204],"height:1.4911em;",[160,455,457,461],{"style":456},"top:-2.314em;",[160,458],{"className":459,"style":460},[212],"height:3em;",[160,462,464],{"className":463},[181],[160,465,467],{"className":466},[181],"8",[160,469,471,474],{"style":470},"top:-3.23em;",[160,472],{"className":473,"style":460},[212],[160,475],{"className":476,"style":478},[477],"frac-line","border-bottom-width:0.04em;",[160,480,482,485],{"style":481},"top:-3.677em;",[160,483],{"className":484,"style":460},[212],[160,486,488,493],{"className":487},[181],[160,489,492],{"className":490,"style":491},[181,185],"margin-right:0.0269em;","w",[160,494,496,500],{"className":495},[181],[160,497,499],{"className":498},[181,185],"L",[160,501,503],{"className":502},[191],[160,504,506],{"className":505},[195],[160,507,509],{"className":508},[200],[160,510,513],{"className":511,"style":512},[204],"height:0.8141em;",[160,514,516,519],{"style":515},"top:-3.063em;margin-right:0.05em;",[160,517],{"className":518,"style":213},[212],[160,520,522],{"className":521},[217,218,219,220],[160,523,525],{"className":524},[181,220],"2",[160,527,237],{"className":528},[236],[160,530,532],{"className":531},[200],[160,533,536],{"className":534,"style":535},[204],"height:0.686em;",[160,537],{},[160,539],{"className":540},[541,439],"mclose",[160,543,546],{"className":544},[545],"mpunct",",",[160,548],{"className":549,"style":550},[415],"margin-right:2em;",[160,552],{"className":553,"style":554},[415],"margin-right:0.1667em;",[160,556,559],{"className":557,"style":558},[181,185],"margin-right:0.0379em;","δ",[160,561],{"className":562,"style":416},[415],[160,564,421],{"className":565},[420],[160,567],{"className":568,"style":416},[415],[160,570,572,575],{"className":571},[172],[160,573],{"className":574,"style":431},[176],[160,576,578,581,677],{"className":577},[181],[160,579],{"className":580},[438,439],[160,582,584],{"className":583},[443],[160,585,587,669],{"className":586},[195,196],[160,588,590,666],{"className":589},[200],[160,591,593,613,621],{"className":592,"style":453},[204],[160,594,595,598],{"style":456},[160,596],{"className":597,"style":460},[212],[160,599,601,605,608],{"className":600},[181],[160,602,604],{"className":603},[181],"384",[160,606,300],{"className":607,"style":299},[181,185],[160,609,612],{"className":610,"style":611},[181,185],"margin-right:0.0785em;","I",[160,614,615,618],{"style":470},[160,616],{"className":617,"style":460},[212],[160,619],{"className":620,"style":478},[477],[160,622,623,626],{"style":481},[160,624],{"className":625,"style":460},[212],[160,627,629,633,636],{"className":628},[181],[160,630,632],{"className":631},[181],"5",[160,634,492],{"className":635,"style":491},[181,185],[160,637,639,642],{"className":638},[181],[160,640,499],{"className":641},[181,185],[160,643,645],{"className":644},[191],[160,646,648],{"className":647},[195],[160,649,651],{"className":650},[200],[160,652,654],{"className":653,"style":512},[204],[160,655,656,659],{"style":515},[160,657],{"className":658,"style":213},[212],[160,660,662],{"className":661},[217,218,219,220],[160,663,665],{"className":664},[181,220],"4",[160,667,237],{"className":668},[236],[160,670,672],{"className":671},[200],[160,673,675],{"className":674,"style":535},[204],[160,676],{},[160,678],{"className":679},[541,439],[11,681,682,683,687],{},"You are not checking precision; you are catching a factor of a thousand in a unit, a\nload over the wrong length, or a section an order of magnitude off.\n",[40,684,686],{"href":685},"\u002Fkb\u002Fanalysis\u002Fverification","Verifying the solver"," has the formulas.",[145,689,691],{"id":690},"_7-only-then-the-utilisations","7. Only then, the utilisations",[11,693,694],{},"Now the design chapter. Every utilisation names the governing combination, the position\nalong the member, the clause and the substituted formula with the intermediate values —\nsection class, resistances, factors. Open the governing one fully and follow the\narithmetic. If you disagree, you can now point at the step rather than at the number.",[11,696,697],{},"Read two things alongside the ratio:",[23,699,700,706,773],{},[26,701,65,702,705],{},[29,703,704],{},"second-worst combination",". Where two very different combinations both land\nnear 1.0, the design is sensitive to the load model.",[26,707,65,708,711,712,772],{},[29,709,710],{},"messages on the check",". Each module raises what it did not verify — load height\nin ",[160,713,715],{"className":714},[163],[160,716,718],{"className":717,"ariaHidden":168},[167],[160,719,721,725],{"className":720},[172],[160,722],{"className":723,"style":724},[176],"height:0.8333em;vertical-align:-0.15em;",[160,726,728,731],{"className":727},[181],[160,729,228],{"className":730,"style":227},[181,185],[160,732,734],{"className":733},[191],[160,735,737,764],{"className":736},[195,196],[160,738,740,761],{"className":739},[200],[160,741,744],{"className":742,"style":743},[204],"height:0.1514em;",[160,745,747,750],{"style":746},"top:-2.55em;margin-left:-0.109em;margin-right:0.05em;",[160,748],{"className":749,"style":213},[212],[160,751,753],{"className":752},[217,218,219,220],[160,754,756],{"className":755},[181,220],[160,757,760],{"className":758,"style":759},[181,185,220],"margin-right:0.0278em;","cr",[160,762,237],{"className":763},[236],[160,765,767],{"className":766},[200],[160,768,770],{"className":769,"style":244},[204],[160,771],{}," and mono-symmetric torsional buckling for the Eurocode module, the\nnet-section, tee, angle, channel and built-up cases for AISC — as a message on the check\nitself, and in the assumptions and limitations section. Whatever a message names needs\nthat check done somewhere, and the report should say where.",[26,774,65,775,778],{},[29,776,777],{},"check's module",". A check created before the member-resistance modules may still\nrun a cross-section-only module, where a utilisation of 0.83 on a slender column says\nnothing about buckling. The module name is on the check and in the report.",[15,780,782],{"id":781},"what-the-software-does-not-do-and-the-report-cannot-claim","What the software does not do, and the report cannot claim",[784,785,786,799],"table",{},[787,788,789],"thead",{},[790,791,792,796],"tr",{},[793,794,795],"th",{},"Not covered",[793,797,798],{},"What it means for the review",[800,801,802,869,936,947,957,968],"tbody",{},[790,803,804,811],{},[805,806,807,810],"td",{},[29,808,809],{},"Load height in LTB"," (Eurocode module)",[805,812,813,868],{},[160,814,816],{"className":815},[163],[160,817,819],{"className":818,"ariaHidden":168},[167],[160,820,822,825],{"className":821},[172],[160,823],{"className":824,"style":724},[176],[160,826,828,831],{"className":827},[181],[160,829,228],{"className":830,"style":227},[181,185],[160,832,834],{"className":833},[191],[160,835,837,860],{"className":836},[195,196],[160,838,840,857],{"className":839},[200],[160,841,843],{"className":842,"style":743},[204],[160,844,845,848],{"style":746},[160,846],{"className":847,"style":213},[212],[160,849,851],{"className":850},[217,218,219,220],[160,852,854],{"className":853},[181,220],[160,855,760],{"className":856,"style":759},[181,185,220],[160,858,237],{"className":859},[236],[160,861,863],{"className":862},[200],[160,864,866],{"className":865,"style":244},[204],[160,867],{}," takes the load at the shear centre; a beam loaded on its top flange is over-estimated",[790,870,871,876],{},[805,872,873],{},[29,874,875],{},"Buckling lengths",[805,877,878,879,935],{},"The check is only as right as ",[160,880,882],{"className":881},[163],[160,883,885],{"className":884,"ariaHidden":168},[167],[160,886,888,891],{"className":887},[172],[160,889],{"className":890,"style":724},[176],[160,892,894,897],{"className":893},[181],[160,895,499],{"className":896},[181,185],[160,898,900],{"className":899},[191],[160,901,903,927],{"className":902},[195,196],[160,904,906,924],{"className":905},[200],[160,907,909],{"className":908,"style":743},[204],[160,910,912,915],{"style":911},"top:-2.55em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;",[160,913],{"className":914,"style":213},[212],[160,916,918],{"className":917},[217,218,219,220],[160,919,921],{"className":920},[181,220],[160,922,760],{"className":923,"style":759},[181,185,220],[160,925,237],{"className":926},[236],[160,928,930],{"className":929},[200],[160,931,933],{"className":932,"style":244},[204],[160,934],{},". Read the effective-lengths table, and the source the check took them from",[790,937,938,944],{},[805,939,940,943],{},[29,941,942],{},"Concrete"," design",[805,945,946],{},"A concrete member is analysed and its forces reported; the EN 1992-1-1 verification is a hand calculation from them",[790,948,949,954],{},[805,950,951],{},[29,952,953],{},"Connections, foundations, fire and fatigue",[805,955,956],{},"Outside both modules",[790,958,959,965],{},[805,960,961,964],{},[29,962,963],{},"Nonlinear behaviour"," — yielding, cracking, uplift at a support, tension-only bracing",[805,966,967],{},"Not modelled. Where the report relies on one, the linear result is a starting point requiring interpretation, and the interpretation should be shown",[790,969,970,975],{},[805,971,972],{},[29,973,974],{},"Judgement",[805,976,977],{},"Whether a clause applies to the structure at all",[11,979,980],{},"None of this is hidden: the check messages and the assumptions section state it. The\nreview question is whether the engineer who signed the package dealt with each one.",[15,982,984],{"id":983},"getting-numbers-out-for-your-own-check","Getting numbers out for your own check",[11,986,987,988,992,993,997],{},"Result tables copy to the clipboard on any plan, and on Pro export with their filters to\nCSV or xlsx —\n",[40,989,991],{"href":990},"\u002Fkb\u002Freports\u002Fresult-tables","Result tables"," — so the reactions or the member extremes can\ngo straight into your own spreadsheet. For an independent solve, ask the author for the\nmodel as a ",[40,994,996],{"href":995},"\u002Fkb\u002Freports\u002Fexchange","SAF workbook",", which SCIA Engineer, RFEM and others\nread.",[15,999,1001],{"id":1000},"related","Related",[11,1003,1004,1006],{},[40,1005,56],{"href":55}," describes the package from the author's side,\nwith the pre-issue checklist that this page mirrors.",{"title":1008,"searchDepth":1009,"depth":1009,"links":1010},"",2,[1011,1012,1013,1023,1024,1025],{"id":17,"depth":1009,"text":18},{"id":77,"depth":1009,"text":78},{"id":95,"depth":1009,"text":96,"children":1014},[1015,1017,1018,1019,1020,1021,1022],{"id":147,"depth":1016,"text":148},3,{"id":250,"depth":1016,"text":251},{"id":304,"depth":1016,"text":305},{"id":324,"depth":1016,"text":325},{"id":376,"depth":1016,"text":377},{"id":388,"depth":1016,"text":389},{"id":690,"depth":1016,"text":691},{"id":781,"depth":1009,"text":782},{"id":983,"depth":1009,"text":984},{"id":1000,"depth":1009,"text":1001},"For the checking engineer — how to interrogate a model you did not build, what the report guarantees, and the questions to ask first.","md",false,{},true,null,6,"\u002Fkb\u002Freports\u002Freviewing",{"title":6,"description":1026},{"loc":1033},"kb\u002Freports\u002Freviewing","SxGnRnEbhlez8Jxs4FlHVBxuEqWlxwQUio7q9xjceV0",{"sections":1039,"extras":1331,"flat":1344},[1040,1073,1115,1134,1165,1194,1220,1243,1266,1293,1308],{"path":1041,"slug":1042,"title":1043,"description":1044,"icon":1045,"articles":1046},"\u002Fkb\u002Fgetting-started","getting-started","Getting started","From an empty tab to a solved, checked structure — the three guides that get you productive in Elementarium.","lucide:rocket",[1047,1051,1055,1059,1063,1067,1071],{"path":1048,"title":1049,"description":1050,"translated":1030},"\u002Fkb\u002Fgetting-started\u002Fkeyboard-shortcuts","Keyboard shortcuts","Every key binding in the workspace, the pointer gestures in the viewports, what the number fields accept, and what the command palette understands.",{"path":1052,"title":1053,"description":1054,"translated":1030},"\u002Fkb\u002Fgetting-started\u002Fquickstart","Quickstart","Build a portal frame, load it, solve it and read the bending moment diagram — about ten minutes from an empty tab.",{"path":1056,"title":1057,"description":1058,"translated":1030},"\u002Fkb\u002Fgetting-started\u002Fscope-and-limits","Scope and limits","What Elementarium models, solves and checks today, and what it does not — on one page, before you commit a job to it.",{"path":1060,"title":1061,"description":1062,"translated":1030},"\u002Fkb\u002Fgetting-started\u002Fsystem-requirements","System requirements","Which browsers and devices run Elementarium, how threading affects solve speed, and where the practical ceiling on model size comes from.",{"path":1064,"title":1065,"description":1066,"translated":1030},"\u002Fkb\u002Fgetting-started\u002Finterface-tour","Tour of the workspace","The ribbon, properties panel, dockable viewports, table dock, command palette and status bar — what each part of the editor is for.",{"path":1068,"title":1069,"description":1070,"translated":1030},"\u002Fkb\u002Fgetting-started\u002Funits","Units","How units work in Elementarium — SI inside, your unit system on screen — and the handful of conversions that cause most wrong answers in structural models.",{"path":319,"title":320,"description":1072,"translated":1030},"Load cases, combinations and a linear static solve — then how to decide whether the answer is trustworthy.",{"path":1074,"slug":1075,"title":1076,"description":1077,"icon":1078,"articles":1079},"\u002Fkb\u002Fmodeling","modeling","Modeling","Bars, beams, 3D frames, slabs and walls. Geometry, sections, supports and releases that behave like the real structure.","lucide:frame",[1080,1084,1088,1092,1096,1100,1104,1108,1111],{"path":1081,"title":1082,"description":1083,"translated":1030},"\u002Fkb\u002Fmodeling\u002Fbars-beams-and-trusses","Bars, beams and trusses","When a member should be a bar and when a beam, how to model trusses and bracing, and what to do about members that only work in tension.",{"path":1085,"title":1086,"description":1087,"translated":1030},"\u002Fkb\u002Fmodeling\u002Fdrawings-and-snapping","Drawings & snapping","Importing a DXF as a reference underlay, choosing its units and plane, and snapping model geometry onto it accurately.",{"path":1089,"title":1090,"description":1091,"translated":1030},"\u002Fkb\u002Fmodeling\u002Felastic-foundations","Elastic foundations","Grade beams, strip footings and walls on ground as line supports on springs — choosing a subgrade modulus, and where the model stops being 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and §6.3 — what is checked at every station, where buckling lengths come from, and the clauses left to you.",{"path":1221,"slug":1222,"title":1223,"description":1224,"icon":1225,"articles":1226},"\u002Fkb\u002Freports","reports","Results & reports","Diagrams, contours and tables in the viewport, and the calculation package you hand to a reviewer.","lucide:file-chart-column",[1227,1229,1233,1236,1240,1242],{"path":55,"title":56,"description":1228,"translated":1030},"Assembling a calculation package a reviewer can follow — inputs, model, results and checks, in the order a calc package should be.",{"path":1230,"title":1231,"description":1232,"translated":1030},"\u002Fkb\u002Freports\u002Fifc","IFC structural models","The IFC structural analysis view in and out — what IFC2X3, IFC4 and IFC4X3 files bring, what an export carries, and what IFC cannot say.",{"path":995,"title":1234,"description":1235,"translated":1030},"Import & export formats","IFC structural models and SAF workbooks in and 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