[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":1108},["ShallowReactive",2],{"kb-en-\u002Fkb\u002Fmodeling\u002Fstructure-generators":3,"kb-nav-en":720},{"page":4,"fallback":710},{"id":5,"title":6,"body":7,"description":708,"extension":709,"faq":710,"meta":711,"navigation":712,"ogImage":713,"order":714,"path":715,"raw":710,"robots":713,"schemaOrg":713,"seo":716,"sitemap":717,"stem":718,"__hash__":719},"content_en\u002Fkb\u002Fmodeling\u002Fstructure-generators.md","Structure generators",{"type":8,"value":9,"toc":690},"minimark",[10,19,24,87,98,104,109,113,127,174,183,208,213,216,221,275,278,282,285,289,335,339,342,394,398,450,454,554,558,566,657,660,664,667,674,678],[11,12,13,14,18],"p",{},"Most models start as something with a name: a Pratt truss, a portal frame, a three-bay,\nfour-storey braced frame. Drawing one node by node is the slowest way to get there and\nthe easiest way to misplace a node. ",[15,16,17],"strong",{},"Generate"," builds the whole structure from a few\ndimensions — members, plates, supports and a first set of loads — and drops it into the\nmodel, where it is ordinary geometry from then on.",[20,21,23],"h2",{"id":22},"where-to-find-it","Where to find it",[25,26,27,40],"table",{},[28,29,30],"thead",{},[31,32,33,37],"tr",{},[34,35,36],"th",{},"From",[34,38,39],{},"What happens",[41,42,43,58,66,76],"tbody",{},[31,44,45,55],{},[46,47,48,51,52],"td",{},[15,49,50],{},"Home → Geometry → Generate"," and ",[15,53,54],{},"Model → Geometry → Generate",[46,56,57],{},"Inserts a structure into the open model",[31,59,60,63],{},[46,61,62],{},"The strip in an empty model",[46,64,65],{},"The same, as the first thing you do",[31,67,68,73],{},[46,69,70],{},[15,71,72],{},"New project → Or start from a structure…",[46,74,75],{},"Picks a structure, then its dimensions, for the new project",[31,77,78,84],{},[46,79,80,83],{},[15,81,82],{},"Start from a structure"," on the dashboard",[46,85,86],{},"All 35, as cards, for a new project",[11,88,89,91,92,97],{},[15,90,17],{}," is greyed out in a read-only\n",[93,94,96],"a",{"href":95},"\u002Fexamples","example",", and in wall and plate models, which have no members to generate.",[99,100],"kb-figure",{"alt":101,"caption":102,"src":103},"A grid of 35 structure cards: continuous beam, cantilever, beam grillage, radial grid, parallel-chord truss, roof truss, mono-pitch truss, bowstring truss, cantilever truss, portal frame, multi-storey frame, Vierendeel girder, arch, tied arch, 3D building frame, hall, pipe rack, truss bridge, lattice tower, space grid, barrel vault, dome, geodesic dome, hyperboloid tower, hyperbolic paraboloid, cooling tower, water tank, silo, dome shell, barrel shell, hypar shell, folded plate roof, flat-slab building, box culvert and retaining wall","Start from a structure on the dashboard: all 35 generators as cards, from the continuous beam to the retaining wall, each drawn as it will be generated.","\u002Fkb\u002Fgenerators-catalogue.webp",[99,105],{"alt":106,"caption":107,"src":108},"The New project dialog with a Portal frame structure panel showing a dimensioned drawing and fields for bays, span, eaves height, rise and uniform load, and on the right the analysis type 2D Frame, project name, design code EN, units SI m·kN and starting loads Standard with self-weight","New project, started from Portal frame: the frame drawn with its dimensions — 15 m span, 5 m to the eaves, 1.5 m rise, fixed bases and a 6 kN\u002Fm roof load — beside the analysis type, design code (EN), units and the starting load cases the project will be created with.","\u002Fkb\u002Fnew-project-structure.webp",[20,110,112],{"id":111},"the-dialog","The dialog",[11,114,115,118,119,122,123,126],{},[15,116,117],{},"Generate structure"," shows a drawing of the structure with its dimension lines, in\n",[15,120,121],{},"Elevation"," or ",[15,124,125],{},"Iso",", redrawn as you type. Underneath it:",[128,129,130,137,147,157],"ul",{},[131,132,133,136],"li",{},[15,134,135],{},"Geometry"," — the dimensions and options of that structure: spans, heights, panels,\nbays, storeys, the truss pattern or the bracing.",[131,138,139,142,143,146],{},[15,140,141],{},"Loads"," — the loads the structure is usually checked for, written into the ",[15,144,145],{},"Load\ncase"," you pick. With no load case chosen, the loads are skipped.",[131,148,149,152,153,156],{},[15,150,151],{},"Members"," — a section and material per role (chords, diagonals, posts, columns,\nrafters…), and a ",[15,154,155],{},"Surface material"," and thickness for shells. New structures start\nfrom IPE 200, S235 and C30\u002F37 in SI units, or W12X26, A992 and 4000 psi concrete in US\nunits.",[131,158,159,162,163,166,167,166,170,173],{},[15,160,161],{},"Placement"," — ",[15,164,165],{},"At origin",", ",[15,168,169],{},"Beside the model",[15,171,172],{},"At selected node",", or an origin\nyou type.",[11,175,176,179,180,182],{},[15,177,178],{},"Defaults"," resets the form; ",[15,181,17],{}," inserts it and reports what it added — so many\nmembers, so many new nodes. A generated joint that lands on an existing node joins it\nrather than sitting on top of it, so a truss generated onto the top of two columns is\nconnected to them.",[184,185,188],"callout",{"title":186,"type":187},"A plane structure in a 3D model","note",[11,189,190,191,194,195,198,199,202,203,207],{},"A truss or a portal frame is a plane structure. Generated into a 3D project it would be\nfree out of its plane, so the Generate dialog asks how it stays there: ",[15,192,193],{},"2D model","\nswitches the project to its plane model type (the default when nothing in the project would\nbe lost), ",[15,196,197],{},"Hold joints"," restrains every new joint out of plane as if it were braced, and\n",[15,200,201],{},"Leave free"," leaves that to you — connect it, brace it or support it before solving. See\n",[93,204,206],{"href":205},"\u002Fkb\u002Fmodeling\u002Fplane-frames-in-3d","Plane frames in a 3D solver",".",[99,209],{"alt":210,"caption":211,"src":212},"The Generate structure dialog: a categorised list of structures with Parallel-chord truss selected, a drawing of a Pratt truss with dimension lines and joint-load arrows, pattern cards Pratt, Howe, Warren, Warren + posts and K-truss, and fields for span, height, panels, joint load, load case, material, chords, web members and placement","Generate structure inside a project, Parallel-chord truss chosen: the catalogue on the left, the Pratt truss drawn in elevation with its 12 m span and 1.5 m depth, the pattern picker underneath, and on the right its geometry, a 20 kN joint load into LCS3, IPE 200 chords and web members in S235, and Beside the model as the placement. The footer counts what will be added: 18 nodes, 33 members, 2 supports, 9 loads.","\u002Fkb\u002Fgenerate-dialog.webp",[11,214,215],{},"The dialog warns before generating more than 4,000 members.",[217,218,220],"h3",{"id":219},"which-structures-fit-which-model","Which structures fit which model",[25,222,223,233],{},[28,224,225],{},[31,226,227,230],{},[34,228,229],{},"Model type",[34,231,232],{},"Accepts",[41,234,235,243,251,259,267],{},[31,236,237,240],{},[46,238,239],{},"Plane truss",[46,241,242],{},"Plane structures made only of bars",[31,244,245,248],{},[46,246,247],{},"3D truss",[46,249,250],{},"Structures made only of bars, plane or spatial",[31,252,253,256],{},[46,254,255],{},"Plane frame",[46,257,258],{},"Plane structures",[31,260,261,264],{},[46,262,263],{},"Grillage",[46,265,266],{},"Plan structures — grids and grillages",[31,268,269,272],{},[46,270,271],{},"3D frame, general 3D",[46,273,274],{},"Everything, shells included",[11,276,277],{},"A new project started from a structure takes the leanest model type that holds it: a\nplane truss for a Pratt truss, a 3D frame for a dome, general 3D for a shell.",[20,279,281],{"id":280},"the-catalogue","The catalogue",[11,283,284],{},"Defaults are given in SI units; every dimension is a field.",[217,286,288],{"id":287},"beams-and-grids","Beams and grids",[25,290,291,301],{},[28,292,293],{},[31,294,295,298],{},[34,296,297],{},"Structure",[34,299,300],{},"Options",[41,302,303,311,319,327],{},[31,304,305,308],{},[46,306,307],{},"Continuous beam",[46,309,310],{},"Pin and rollers, fixed ends or propped; 1–12 spans (3 × 6 m), an overhang; 10 kN\u002Fm",[31,312,313,316],{},[46,314,315],{},"Cantilever",[46,317,318],{},"3 m, a tip load and a uniform load",[31,320,321,324],{},[46,322,323],{},"Beam grillage",[46,325,326],{},"Supported at the corners, the perimeter or two edges; 4 × 3 bays at 2 m",[31,328,329,332],{},[46,330,331],{},"Radial grid",[46,333,334],{},"Perimeter, or rim and centre; 16 m across, 4 rings, 12 sectors",[217,336,338],{"id":337},"trusses","Trusses",[11,340,341],{},"All bar-only, so they also fit a plane truss model.",[25,343,344,352],{},[28,345,346],{},[31,347,348,350],{},[34,349,297],{},[34,351,300],{},[41,353,354,362,370,378,386],{},[31,355,356,359],{},[46,357,358],{},"Parallel-chord truss",[46,360,361],{},"Pratt, Howe, Warren, Warren with posts, K-truss; 12 m span, 1.5 m deep, 8 panels, joint loads",[31,363,364,367],{},[46,365,366],{},"Roof truss",[46,368,369],{},"Fink, Howe, Pratt, King post, Scissors; 10 m span, 2.5 m rise",[31,371,372,375],{},[46,373,374],{},"Bowstring truss",[46,376,377],{},"18 m span, 3 m rise, 10 panels",[31,379,380,383],{},[46,381,382],{},"Mono-pitch truss",[46,384,385],{},"8 m span, 2.5 m high",[31,387,388,391],{},[46,389,390],{},"Cantilever truss",[46,392,393],{},"6 m, tapering from 1.5 m at the wall to 0.5 m at the tip",[217,395,397],{"id":396},"frames-and-arches","Frames and arches",[25,399,400,408],{},[28,401,402],{},[31,403,404,406],{},[34,405,297],{},[34,407,300],{},[41,409,410,418,426,434,442],{},[31,411,412,415],{},[46,413,414],{},"Portal frame",[46,416,417],{},"Fixed or pinned bases; 1–8 bays of 15 m, 5 m to the eaves, 1.5 m rise",[31,419,420,423],{},[46,421,422],{},"Multi-storey frame",[46,424,425],{},"No bracing, X, chevron or diagonal; 3 bays, up to 40 storeys, an optional horizontal load per floor",[31,427,428,431],{},[46,429,430],{},"Vierendeel girder",[46,432,433],{},"Rigid-jointed, no diagonals",[31,435,436,439],{},[46,437,438],{},"Arch",[46,440,441],{},"Parabolic, circular or catenary; 20 m span, 5 m rise",[31,443,444,447],{},[46,445,446],{},"Tied arch",[46,448,449],{},"Vertical or Nielsen hangers; 40 m span",[217,451,453],{"id":452},"_3d-frameworks","3D frameworks",[25,455,456,464],{},[28,457,458],{},[31,459,460,462],{},[34,461,297],{},[34,463,300],{},[41,465,466,474,482,490,498,506,514,522,530,538,546],{},[31,467,468,471],{},[46,469,470],{},"3D building frame",[46,472,473],{},"3 × 2 bays, 3 storeys, braced",[31,475,476,479],{},[46,477,478],{},"Hall",[46,480,481],{},"6 portal frames at 20 m span, purlins, end-bay bracing",[31,483,484,487],{},[46,485,486],{},"Truss bridge",[46,488,489],{},"30 m span",[31,491,492,495],{},[46,493,494],{},"Lattice tower",[46,496,497],{},"X, zigzag or K bracing; 30 m",[31,499,500,503],{},[46,501,502],{},"Space grid",[46,504,505],{},"Perimeter or corner supports",[31,507,508,511],{},[46,509,510],{},"Pipe rack",[46,512,513],{},"6 bents, 2 tiers",[31,515,516,519],{},[46,517,518],{},"Dome",[46,520,521],{},"Schwedler, ribbed or lamella",[31,523,524,527],{},[46,525,526],{},"Barrel vault",[46,528,529],{},"Ribbed, braced or lamella",[31,531,532,535],{},[46,533,534],{},"Geodesic dome",[46,536,537],{},"½, ⅝ or ⅜ of a sphere; frequency 1–8",[31,539,540,543],{},[46,541,542],{},"Hyperboloid tower",[46,544,545],{},"Shukhov type, 24 sectors",[31,547,548,551],{},[46,549,550],{},"Hyperbolic paraboloid",[46,552,553],{},"As a bar grid",[217,555,557],{"id":556},"surfaces-and-shells","Surfaces and shells",[11,559,560,561,565],{},"Plates meshed into ",[93,562,564],{"href":563},"\u002Fkb\u002Fmodeling\u002Fsurfaces","four-node shells",", each with a thickness. These\nneed a model with all six degrees of freedom at every node — a 3D frame or general 3D.",[25,567,568,576],{},[28,569,570],{},[31,571,572,574],{},[34,573,297],{},[34,575,300],{},[41,577,578,586,594,602,609,617,625,633,641,649],{},[31,579,580,583],{},[46,581,582],{},"Dome shell",[46,584,585],{},"—",[31,587,588,591],{},[46,589,590],{},"Barrel shell",[46,592,593],{},"With edge beams or free edges",[31,595,596,599],{},[46,597,598],{},"Hypar shell",[46,600,601],{},"Supported at the low corners or all four",[31,603,604,607],{},[46,605,606],{},"Folded plate roof",[46,608,585],{},[31,610,611,614],{},[46,612,613],{},"Cooling tower",[46,615,616],{},"On V-legs or a base ring; 0.25 m thick; wind pressure with a cosine distribution round the shell",[31,618,619,622],{},[46,620,621],{},"Water tank",[46,623,624],{},"Open, flat or cone roof; hydrostatic pressure on the walls",[31,626,627,630],{},[46,628,629],{},"Silo",[46,631,632],{},"Bin and hopper on 8 columns; wall pressure",[31,634,635,638],{},[46,636,637],{},"Flat-slab building",[46,639,640],{},"3 × 3 bays, 3 storeys, 5 kN\u002Fm²",[31,642,643,646],{},[46,644,645],{},"Box culvert",[46,647,648],{},"Fill on the roof and earth pressure on the walls",[31,650,651,654],{},[46,652,653],{},"Retaining wall",[46,655,656],{},"Earth pressure, graded with depth",[11,658,659],{},"Plates generated side by side share their edges, and edge beams share their nodes, so a\ngenerated shell is one connected surface — not a set of facets that touch.",[20,661,663],{"id":662},"after-generating","After generating",[11,665,666],{},"The structure is ordinary model geometry: nothing remembers that it was generated, and\nnothing regenerates it. Edit it like anything you drew — select a chord and change its\nsection, delete a diagonal, move a support. To try a different span, undo and generate\nagain.",[11,668,669,670,207],{},"The generated loads are a starting point, not a load model. They are in the case you\npicked, as uniform, joint, surface or depth-graded loads; check them against the\nproject's actions before you rely on them, and add the rest in\n",[93,671,673],{"href":672},"\u002Fkb\u002Floads\u002Fload-cases","load cases",[20,675,677],{"id":676},"related","Related",[11,679,680,684,685,689],{},[93,681,683],{"href":682},"\u002Fkb\u002Fmodeling\u002Ffirst-model","Your first model"," draws a frame by hand;\n",[93,686,688],{"href":687},"\u002Fkb\u002Fmodeling\u002Fbars-beams-and-trusses","Bars, beams and trusses"," explains the element each\ngenerated member becomes.",{"title":691,"searchDepth":692,"depth":692,"links":693},"",2,[694,695,699,706,707],{"id":22,"depth":692,"text":23},{"id":111,"depth":692,"text":112,"children":696},[697],{"id":219,"depth":698,"text":220},3,{"id":280,"depth":692,"text":281,"children":700},[701,702,703,704,705],{"id":287,"depth":698,"text":288},{"id":337,"depth":698,"text":338},{"id":396,"depth":698,"text":397},{"id":452,"depth":698,"text":453},{"id":556,"depth":698,"text":557},{"id":662,"depth":692,"text":663},{"id":676,"depth":692,"text":677},"Thirty-five parametric structures — trusses, frames, arches, towers, domes and shells — generated from a few dimensions, with supports and loads.","md",false,{},true,null,1.5,"\u002Fkb\u002Fmodeling\u002Fstructure-generators",{"title":6,"description":708},{"loc":715},"kb\u002Fmodeling\u002Fstructure-generators","xfsUTbKOFd4H084yrQYsgiPIzJYzFxtC_-EH9pw-j8w",{"sections":721,"extras":1024,"flat":1037},[722,757,790,809,843,874,901,932,959,986,1001],{"path":723,"slug":724,"title":725,"description":726,"icon":727,"articles":728},"\u002Fkb\u002Fgetting-started","getting-started","Getting started","From an empty tab to a solved, checked structure — the three guides that get you productive in Elementarium.","lucide:rocket",[729,733,737,741,745,749,753],{"path":730,"title":731,"description":732,"translated":712},"\u002Fkb\u002Fgetting-started\u002Fkeyboard-shortcuts","Keyboard shortcuts","Every key binding in the workspace, the pointer gestures in the viewports, what the number fields accept, and what the command palette understands.",{"path":734,"title":735,"description":736,"translated":712},"\u002Fkb\u002Fgetting-started\u002Fquickstart","Quickstart","Build a portal frame, load it, solve it and read the bending moment diagram — about ten minutes from an empty tab.",{"path":738,"title":739,"description":740,"translated":712},"\u002Fkb\u002Fgetting-started\u002Fscope-and-limits","Scope and limits","What Elementarium models, solves and checks today, and what it does not — on one page, before you commit a job to it.",{"path":742,"title":743,"description":744,"translated":712},"\u002Fkb\u002Fgetting-started\u002Fsystem-requirements","System requirements","Which browsers and devices run Elementarium, how threading affects solve speed, and where the practical ceiling on model size comes from.",{"path":746,"title":747,"description":748,"translated":712},"\u002Fkb\u002Fgetting-started\u002Finterface-tour","Tour of the workspace","The ribbon, properties panel, dockable viewports, table dock, command palette and status bar — what each part of the editor is for.",{"path":750,"title":751,"description":752,"translated":712},"\u002Fkb\u002Fgetting-started\u002Funits","Units","How units work in Elementarium — SI inside, your unit system on screen — and the handful of conversions that cause most wrong answers in structural models.",{"path":754,"title":755,"description":756,"translated":712},"\u002Fkb\u002Fgetting-started\u002Ffirst-analysis","Your first analysis","Load cases, combinations and a linear static solve — then how to decide whether the answer is trustworthy.",{"path":758,"slug":759,"title":760,"description":761,"icon":762,"articles":763},"\u002Fkb\u002Fmodeling","modeling","Modeling","Bars, beams, 3D frames, slabs and walls. Geometry, sections, supports and releases that behave like the real structure.","lucide:frame",[764,766,770,774,776,780,783,784,788],{"path":687,"title":688,"description":765,"translated":712},"When a member should be a bar and when a beam, how to model trusses and bracing, and what to do about members that only work in tension.",{"path":767,"title":768,"description":769,"translated":712},"\u002Fkb\u002Fmodeling\u002Fdrawings-and-snapping","Drawings & snapping","Importing a DXF as a reference underlay, choosing its units and plane, and snapping model geometry onto it accurately.",{"path":771,"title":772,"description":773,"translated":712},"\u002Fkb\u002Fmodeling\u002Felastic-foundations","Elastic foundations","Grade beams, strip footings and walls on ground as line supports on springs — choosing a subgrade modulus, and where the model stops being true.",{"path":205,"title":206,"description":775,"translated":712},"When to use the 2D Frame and 2D Truss model types, why a flat structure in a 3D model is a mechanism, and how to restrain it.",{"path":777,"title":778,"description":779,"translated":712},"\u002Fkb\u002Fmodeling\u002Fsections-and-materials","Sections & materials","What a section and a material contribute to the stiffness matrix and the design checks, and the values worth checking twice.",{"path":563,"title":781,"description":782,"translated":712},"Slabs, walls and shells","Modelling surfaces in Elementarium — outlines, openings and thickness, how a beam or a wall attaches to a slab, local axes, and what a surface result means.",{"path":715,"title":6,"description":708,"translated":712},{"path":785,"title":786,"description":787,"translated":712},"\u002Fkb\u002Fmodeling\u002Fsupports-and-releases","Supports & releases","Pins, fixities, springs and end releases — what each one does to the stiffness matrix, and when each is right.",{"path":682,"title":683,"description":789,"translated":712},"The modeling loop end to end — geometry, sections, supports and releases — on a structure small enough to check by hand.",{"path":791,"slug":792,"title":793,"description":794,"icon":795,"articles":796},"\u002Fkb\u002Fmeshing","meshing","Meshing","Mesh density, local refinement and the quality checks that tell you when a mesh is fine enough to trust.","lucide:grid-3x3",[797,801,805],{"path":798,"title":799,"description":800,"translated":712},"\u002Fkb\u002Fmeshing\u002Felement-size","Choosing element size","Starting mesh densities for slabs, walls and rafts, and the convergence test that decides whether a mesh is fine enough.",{"path":802,"title":803,"description":804,"translated":712},"\u002Fkb\u002Fmeshing\u002Frefinement","Local refinement","Where to spend elements, where not to bother, and how to refine without wrecking element shape.",{"path":806,"title":807,"description":808,"translated":712},"\u002Fkb\u002Fmeshing\u002Fquality-checks","Mesh quality","Aspect ratio, skew and warping — what degrades a result, what the mesher reports, and how to tell whether the elements you are worried about matter.",{"path":810,"slug":811,"title":812,"description":813,"icon":814,"articles":815},"\u002Fkb\u002Floads","loads","Loads & combinations","Build load cases, generate code combinations automatically and find out which one actually governs.","lucide:arrow-down-to-line",[816,820,824,828,831,835,839],{"path":817,"title":818,"description":819,"translated":712},"\u002Fkb\u002Floads\u002Fasce-7-combinations","ASCE 7 combinations","LRFD and ASD combinations to ASCE 7-22 — how the generator maps your load groups onto D, L, Lr, S, W and E, and pairing them with the AISC check.",{"path":821,"title":822,"description":823,"translated":712},"\u002Fkb\u002Floads\u002Fcombinations","Automatic combinations","Generating EN 1990 and ASCE 7 combinations, understanding the equations behind them, and reading the generated set critically.",{"path":825,"title":826,"description":827,"translated":712},"\u002Fkb\u002Floads\u002Fenvelopes","Envelopes","Extracting the governing value across dozens of combinations without reading every one — and the traps in doing so.",{"path":672,"title":829,"description":830,"translated":712},"Load cases","Actions, self-weight, imposed loads and load arrangements — how to build cases that stay separable.",{"path":832,"title":833,"description":834,"translated":712},"\u002Fkb\u002Floads\u002Fload-panels","Load panels","Areas that hand a floor, roof or wall pressure to the members around them as line loads, one way or two way, without meshing a slab.",{"path":836,"title":837,"description":838,"translated":712},"\u002Fkb\u002Floads\u002Ftemperature-loads","Temperature loads","Uniform temperature change and through-depth gradients — what each does to a free and a restrained structure, and the coefficients to use.",{"path":840,"title":841,"description":842,"translated":712},"\u002Fkb\u002Floads\u002Fwind-and-snow","Wind and snow","Wind to EN 1991-1-4 and snow to EN 1991-1-3, generated on a building envelope — site inputs, recognised roof shapes, the cases produced, and the limits.",{"path":844,"slug":845,"title":846,"description":847,"icon":848,"articles":849},"\u002Fkb\u002Fanalysis","analysis","Analysis types","Linear static, modal, linear buckling and second-order — what each analysis assumes, what it returns and how to read the result.","lucide:activity",[850,854,858,862,866,870],{"path":851,"title":852,"description":853,"translated":712},"\u002Fkb\u002Fanalysis\u002Fsolvers","Choosing a linear solver","Conjugate gradients with Jacobi, incomplete Cholesky or multigrid, or a direct factorisation — what each does, how to watch it, and when the choice matters.",{"path":855,"title":856,"description":857,"translated":712},"\u002Fkb\u002Fanalysis\u002Fbuckling","Linear buckling","Critical 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