[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":3818},["ShallowReactive",2],{"kb-en-\u002Fkb\u002Fmodeling\u002Fsections-and-materials":3,"kb-nav-en":3432},{"page":4,"fallback":3422},{"id":5,"title":6,"body":7,"description":3420,"extension":3421,"faq":3422,"meta":3423,"navigation":3424,"ogImage":3425,"order":3426,"path":3427,"raw":3422,"robots":3425,"schemaOrg":3425,"seo":3428,"sitemap":3429,"stem":3430,"__hash__":3431},"content_en\u002Fkb\u002Fmodeling\u002Fsections-and-materials.md","Sections & materials",{"type":8,"value":9,"toc":3401},"minimark",[10,14,19,36,43,52,56,1107,1118,1123,1592,1634,1638,1702,1705,1716,1720,1723,2152,2159,2163,2281,2349,2353,2394,2406,2410,2413,2668,2785,2788,2792,2795,2849,2852,2933,3108,3292,3296,3358,3362],[11,12,13],"p",{},"A member is a line until it has a section and a material. Between them they supply every\nnumber the solver multiplies geometry by, and every number a design check divides a force\nby. This page lists those properties and what each is for, so a wrong one can be\nrecognised, not merely suspected.",[15,16,18],"h2",{"id":17},"define-once-reuse-everywhere","Define once, reuse everywhere",[11,20,21,22,26,27,31,32,35],{},"Sections and materials are ",[23,24,25],"strong",{},"definitions",", held once in the project and assigned to\nmembers by reference. Changing ",[28,29,30],"code",{},"IPE 400"," to ",[28,33,34],{},"IPE 450"," in the definition changes every\nmember that uses it; nothing is redrawn and no member has a private copy that drifts. That\nmakes a late section swap a five-second operation, and it also repeats a mistake in one\ndefinition everywhere it is used.",[37,38],"kb-figure",{":narrow":39,"alt":40,"caption":41,"src":42},"true","The properties panel for element E12 showing Material S235, Section HEA 320, the Columns group, the Serviceability group open, and a Self-weight row of 0.958 kN\u002Fm and 5.748 kN in LCS1","A column of the steel hall in the properties panel: the material S235 and the section HEA 320 are picked from the library by reference, and the self-weight the pair generates — 0.958 kN\u002Fm, 5.748 kN over the 6 m length — is shown as it will be applied in LCS1.","\u002Fkb\u002Fproperties-beam-panel.png",[11,44,45,46,51],{},"The ",[47,48,50],"a",{"href":49},"\u002Fkb\u002Fgetting-started\u002Finterface-tour#the-properties-panel","properties panel"," edits the\nselection: select twenty members and assign a section, and all twenty take it.",[15,53,55],{"id":54},"what-a-section-carries","What a 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",[87,607,609],{"className":608},[90],[87,610,612],{"className":611,"ariaHidden":39},[94],[87,613,615,618],{"className":614},[98],[87,616],{"className":617,"style":233},[102],[87,619,621,626],{"className":620},[107],[87,622,625],{"className":623,"style":624},[107,108],"margin-right:0.2222em;","V",[87,627,629],{"className":628},[158],[87,630,632,669],{"className":631},[162,163],[87,633,635,666],{"className":634},[167],[87,636,638],{"className":637,"style":172},[171],[87,639,641,644],{"style":640},"top:-2.55em;margin-left:-0.2222em;margin-right:0.05em;",[87,642],{"className":643,"style":180},[179],[87,645,647],{"className":646},[184,185,186,187],[87,648,650,655,660,663],{"className":649},[107,187],[87,651,654],{"className":652,"style":653},[107,108,187],"margin-right:0.0197em;","pl",[87,656,659],{"className":657},[658,187],"mpunct",",",[87,661,195],{"className":662,"style":194},[107,108,187],[87,664,199],{"className":665},[107,108,187],[87,667,204],{"className":668},[203],[87,670,672],{"className":671},[167],[87,673,675],{"className":674,"style":278},[171],[87,676],{}," 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…",[81,1105,1106],{},"Section classification, rendering, eccentricities",[11,1108,1109,1110,1113,1114,1117],{},"The first four are what the ",[23,1111,1112],{},"solver"," reads: with the material, they are the member's\nstiffness. The moduli and the outline are what the ",[23,1115,1116],{},"design checks"," read. A section with\nthe right area and second moments but the wrong flange thickness will solve correctly and\nclassify wrongly, a subtler failure than the reverse.",[1119,1120,1122],"h3",{"id":1121},"axes","Axes",[11,1124,1125,1177,1178,1194,1195,1197,1198,1250,1251,1304,1305,1357,1358,1419,1420,1472,1473,1357,1525,1586,1587,1591],{},[87,1126,1128],{"className":1127},[90],[87,1129,1131],{"className":1130,"ariaHidden":39},[94],[87,1132,1134,1137],{"className":1133},[98],[87,1135],{"className":1136,"style":233},[102],[87,1138,1140,1143],{"className":1139},[107],[87,1141,241],{"className":1142,"style":240},[107,108],[87,1144,1146],{"className":1145},[158],[87,1147,1149,1169],{"className":1148},[162,163],[87,1150,1152,1166],{"className":1151},[167],[87,1153,1155],{"className":1154,"style":254},[171],[87,1156,1157,1160],{"style":257},[87,1158],{"className":1159,"style":180},[179],[87,1161,1163],{"className":1162},[184,185,186,187],[87,1164,268],{"className":1165,"style":267},[107,108,187],[87,1167,204],{"className":1168},[203],[87,1170,1172],{"className":1171},[167],[87,1173,1175],{"className":1174,"style":278},[171],[87,1176],{}," is the second moment about the section's local ",[87,1179,1181],{"className":1180},[90],[87,1182,1184],{"className":1183,"ariaHidden":39},[94],[87,1185,1187,1191],{"className":1186},[98],[87,1188],{"className":1189,"style":1190},[102],"height:0.625em;vertical-align:-0.1944em;",[87,1192,268],{"className":1193,"style":267},[107,108]," axis, which for an I-section in\nits normal orientation is the ",[23,1196,23],{}," axis; ",[87,1199,1201],{"className":1200},[90],[87,1202,1204],{"className":1203,"ariaHidden":39},[94],[87,1205,1207,1210],{"className":1206},[98],[87,1208],{"className":1209,"style":146},[102],[87,1211,1213,1216],{"className":1212},[107],[87,1214,241],{"className":1215,"style":240},[107,108],[87,1217,1219],{"className":1218},[158],[87,1220,1222,1242],{"className":1221},[162,163],[87,1223,1225,1239],{"className":1224},[167],[87,1226,1228],{"className":1227,"style":254},[171],[87,1229,1230,1233],{"style":257},[87,1231],{"className":1232,"style":180},[179],[87,1234,1236],{"className":1235},[184,185,186,187],[87,1237,324],{"className":1238,"style":323},[107,108,187],[87,1240,204],{"className":1241},[203],[87,1243,1245],{"className":1244},[167],[87,1246,1248],{"className":1247,"style":211},[171],[87,1249],{}," is the weak one. ",[87,1252,1254],{"className":1253},[90],[87,1255,1257],{"className":1256,"ariaHidden":39},[94],[87,1258,1260,1263],{"className":1259},[98],[87,1261],{"className":1262,"style":233},[102],[87,1264,1266,1270],{"className":1265},[107],[87,1267,1269],{"className":1268,"style":153},[107,108],"M",[87,1271,1273],{"className":1272},[158],[87,1274,1276,1296],{"className":1275},[162,163],[87,1277,1279,1293],{"className":1278},[167],[87,1280,1282],{"className":1281,"style":254},[171],[87,1283,1284,1287],{"style":175},[87,1285],{"className":1286,"style":180},[179],[87,1288,1290],{"className":1289},[184,185,186,187],[87,1291,268],{"className":1292,"style":267},[107,108,187],[87,1294,204],{"className":1295},[203],[87,1297,1299],{"className":1298},[167],[87,1300,1302],{"className":1301,"style":278},[171],[87,1303],{}," pairs with\n",[87,1306,1308],{"className":1307},[90],[87,1309,1311],{"className":1310,"ariaHidden":39},[94],[87,1312,1314,1317],{"className":1313},[98],[87,1315],{"className":1316,"style":233},[102],[87,1318,1320,1323],{"className":1319},[107],[87,1321,241],{"className":1322,"style":240},[107,108],[87,1324,1326],{"className":1325},[158],[87,1327,1329,1349],{"className":1328},[162,163],[87,1330,1332,1346],{"className":1331},[167],[87,1333,1335],{"className":1334,"style":254},[171],[87,1336,1337,1340],{"style":257},[87,1338],{"className":1339,"style":180},[179],[87,1341,1343],{"className":1342},[184,185,186,187],[87,1344,268],{"className":1345,"style":267},[107,108,187],[87,1347,204],{"className":1348},[203],[87,1350,1352],{"className":1351},[167],[87,1353,1355],{"className":1354,"style":278},[171],[87,1356],{}," and ",[87,1359,1361],{"className":1360},[90],[87,1362,1364],{"className":1363,"ariaHidden":39},[94],[87,1365,1367,1370],{"className":1366},[98],[87,1368],{"className":1369,"style":233},[102],[87,1371,1373,1376],{"className":1372},[107],[87,1374,704],{"className":1375,"style":703},[107,108],[87,1377,1379],{"className":1378},[158],[87,1380,1382,1411],{"className":1381},[162,163],[87,1383,1385,1408],{"className":1384},[167],[87,1386,1388],{"className":1387,"style":172},[171],[87,1389,1390,1393],{"style":719},[87,1391],{"className":1392,"style":180},[179],[87,1394,1396],{"className":1395},[184,185,186,187],[87,1397,1399,1402,1405],{"className":1398},[107,187],[87,1400,654],{"className":1401,"style":653},[107,108,187],[87,1403,659],{"className":1404},[658,187],[87,1406,268],{"className":1407,"style":267},[107,108,187],[87,1409,204],{"className":1410},[203],[87,1412,1414],{"className":1413},[167],[87,1415,1417],{"className":1416,"style":278},[171],[87,1418],{},"; ",[87,1421,1423],{"className":1422},[90],[87,1424,1426],{"className":1425,"ariaHidden":39},[94],[87,1427,1429,1432],{"className":1428},[98],[87,1430],{"className":1431,"style":146},[102],[87,1433,1435,1438],{"className":1434},[107],[87,1436,1269],{"className":1437,"style":153},[107,108],[87,1439,1441],{"className":1440},[158],[87,1442,1444,1464],{"className":1443},[162,163],[87,1445,1447,1461],{"className":1446},[167],[87,1448,1450],{"className":1449,"style":254},[171],[87,1451,1452,1455],{"style":175},[87,1453],{"className":1454,"style":180},[179],[87,1456,1458],{"className":1457},[184,185,186,187],[87,1459,324],{"className":1460,"style":323},[107,108,187],[87,1462,204],{"className":1463},[203],[87,1465,1467],{"className":1466},[167],[87,1468,1470],{"className":1469,"style":211},[171],[87,1471],{}," with ",[87,1474,1476],{"className":1475},[90],[87,1477,1479],{"className":1478,"ariaHidden":39},[94],[87,1480,1482,1485],{"className":1481},[98],[87,1483],{"className":1484,"style":146},[102],[87,1486,1488,1491],{"className":1487},[107],[87,1489,241],{"className":1490,"style":240},[107,108],[87,1492,1494],{"className":1493},[158],[87,1495,1497,1517],{"className":1496},[162,163],[87,1498,1500,1514],{"className":1499},[167],[87,1501,1503],{"className":1502,"style":254},[171],[87,1504,1505,1508],{"style":257},[87,1506],{"className":1507,"style":180},[179],[87,1509,1511],{"className":1510},[184,185,186,187],[87,1512,324],{"className":1513,"style":323},[107,108,187],[87,1515,204],{"className":1516},[203],[87,1518,1520],{"className":1519},[167],[87,1521,1523],{"className":1522,"style":211},[171],[87,1524],{},[87,1526,1528],{"className":1527},[90],[87,1529,1531],{"className":1530,"ariaHidden":39},[94],[87,1532,1534,1537],{"className":1533},[98],[87,1535],{"className":1536,"style":233},[102],[87,1538,1540,1543],{"className":1539},[107],[87,1541,704],{"className":1542,"style":703},[107,108],[87,1544,1546],{"className":1545},[158],[87,1547,1549,1578],{"className":1548},[162,163],[87,1550,1552,1575],{"className":1551},[167],[87,1553,1555],{"className":1554,"style":172},[171],[87,1556,1557,1560],{"style":719},[87,1558],{"className":1559,"style":180},[179],[87,1561,1563],{"className":1562},[184,185,186,187],[87,1564,1566,1569,1572],{"className":1565},[107,187],[87,1567,654],{"className":1568,"style":653},[107,108,187],[87,1570,659],{"className":1571},[658,187],[87,1573,324],{"className":1574,"style":323},[107,108,187],[87,1576,204],{"className":1577},[203],[87,1579,1581],{"className":1580},[167],[87,1582,1584],{"className":1583,"style":278},[171],[87,1585],{},". Rotate a column ninety degrees\nabout its own axis and the strong direction rotates with it, and the solver will not\nobject. See ",[47,1588,1590],{"href":1589},"\u002Fkb\u002Ftheory\u002Fsign-conventions","Sign conventions",".",[11,1593,1594,1595,1610,1611,1628,1629,1633],{},"The AISC module uses the same numbers under different names: the app's ",[87,1596,1598],{"className":1597},[90],[87,1599,1601],{"className":1600,"ariaHidden":39},[94],[87,1602,1604,1607],{"className":1603},[98],[87,1605],{"className":1606,"style":1190},[102],[87,1608,268],{"className":1609,"style":267},[107,108]," is AISC's ",[87,1612,1614],{"className":1613},[90],[87,1615,1617],{"className":1616,"ariaHidden":39},[94],[87,1618,1620,1624],{"className":1619},[98],[87,1621],{"className":1622,"style":1623},[102],"height:0.4306em;",[87,1625,1627],{"className":1626},[107,108],"x",".\n",[47,1630,1632],{"href":1631},"\u002Fkb\u002Fdesign-checks\u002Faisc#axes","Steel — AISC 360"," has the mapping.",[1119,1635,1637],{"id":1636},"torsion","Torsion",[11,1639,1640,1692,1693,1696,1697,1701],{},[87,1641,1643],{"className":1642},[90],[87,1644,1646],{"className":1645,"ariaHidden":39},[94],[87,1647,1649,1652],{"className":1648},[98],[87,1650],{"className":1651,"style":146},[102],[87,1653,1655,1658],{"className":1654},[107],[87,1656,241],{"className":1657,"style":240},[107,108],[87,1659,1661],{"className":1660},[158],[87,1662,1664,1684],{"className":1663},[162,163],[87,1665,1667,1681],{"className":1666},[167],[87,1668,1670],{"className":1669,"style":395},[171],[87,1671,1672,1675],{"style":257},[87,1673],{"className":1674,"style":180},[179],[87,1676,1678],{"className":1677},[184,185,186,187],[87,1679,407],{"className":1680},[107,108,187],[87,1682,204],{"className":1683},[203],[87,1685,1687],{"className":1686},[167],[87,1688,1690],{"className":1689,"style":211},[171],[87,1691],{}," is the ",[23,1694,1695],{},"St. Venant"," torsion constant. The beam element carries St. Venant torsion\nonly; warping restraint is not modelled. An open section under significant torsion (a\nchannel loaded off its shear centre, a cantilevering I-beam with a twisting load) will\nreport a lower torsional stiffness than a warping-restrained member really has, and the\ndesign checks say so instead of quietly using the wrong theory. Closed sections are barely\naffected, because their torsional stiffness ",[1698,1699,1700],"em",{},"is"," St. Venant.",[1119,1703,482],{"id":1704},"shear-areas",[11,1706,1707,1708,1711,1712,1591],{},"The shear areas control ",[23,1709,1710],{},"shear deformation"," in the beam element and the plastic shear\nresistance in the steel check. For slender members shear deformation is negligible either\nway. Below a span-to-depth ratio of roughly ten it is not, and a stocky beam without shear\nareas comes out stiffer than it is. For rolled sections the code's own values are in\nEN 1993-1-1 §6.2.6(3). See\n",[47,1713,1715],{"href":1714},"\u002Fkb\u002Ftheory\u002Felement-formulations#shear-deformation","Element formulations",[15,1717,1719],{"id":1718},"what-a-material-carries","What a material carries",[11,1721,1722],{},"The library ships steel S235 to S690, ASTM A36, A572 Gr.50 and A992, three stainless\ngrades, B500B reinforcement, concrete C12\u002F15 to C90\u002F105 plus the 4000 and 6000 psi\ngrades, three EN AW aluminium alloys, and timber C16 to GL32h. A material not in it is\nadded from the same panel with the properties below; only steel has a design module, so\nthe rest are there for stiffness, mass and weight.",[57,1724,1725,1735],{},[60,1726,1727],{},[63,1728,1729,1731,1733],{},[66,1730,68],{},[66,1732,71],{},[66,1734,74],{},[76,1736,1737,1762,1874,1916,1946,1973],{},[63,1738,1739,1742,1759],{},[81,1740,1741],{},"Young's modulus",[81,1743,1744],{},[87,1745,1747],{"className":1746},[90],[87,1748,1750],{"className":1749,"ariaHidden":39},[94],[87,1751,1753,1756],{"className":1752},[98],[87,1754],{"className":1755,"style":103},[102],[87,1757,129],{"className":1758,"style":128},[107,108],[81,1760,1761],{},"Every stiffness term",[63,1763,1764,1767,1784],{},[81,1765,1766],{},"Shear modulus",[81,1768,1769],{},[87,1770,1772],{"className":1771},[90],[87,1773,1775],{"className":1774,"ariaHidden":39},[94],[87,1776,1778,1781],{"className":1777},[98],[87,1779],{"className":1780,"style":103},[102],[87,1782,437],{"className":1783},[107,108],[81,1785,1786,1787,1873],{},"Torsion and shear deformation; ",[87,1788,1790],{"className":1789},[90],[87,1791,1793,1815,1857],{"className":1792,"ariaHidden":39},[94],[87,1794,1796,1799,1802,1807,1812],{"className":1795},[98],[87,1797],{"className":1798,"style":103},[102],[87,1800,437],{"className":1801},[107,108],[87,1803],{"className":1804,"style":1806},[1805],"mspace","margin-right:0.2778em;",[87,1808,1811],{"className":1809},[1810],"mrel","=",[87,1813],{"className":1814,"style":1806},[1805],[87,1816,1818,1822,1825,1829,1834,1838,1842,1846,1849,1854],{"className":1817},[98],[87,1819],{"className":1820,"style":1821},[102],"height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;",[87,1823,129],{"className":1824,"style":128},[107,108],[87,1826,1828],{"className":1827},[107],"\u002F",[87,1830,1833],{"className":1831},[1832],"mopen","[",[87,1835,1837],{"className":1836},[107],"2",[87,1839,1841],{"className":1840},[1832],"(",[87,1843,1845],{"className":1844},[107],"1",[87,1847],{"className":1848,"style":624},[1805],[87,1850,1853],{"className":1851},[1852],"mbin","+",[87,1855],{"className":1856,"style":624},[1805],[87,1858,1860,1863,1868],{"className":1859},[98],[87,1861],{"className":1862,"style":1821},[102],[87,1864,1867],{"className":1865,"style":1866},[107,108],"margin-right:0.0637em;","ν",[87,1869,1872],{"className":1870},[1871],"mclose",")]"," for an isotropic material",[63,1875,1876,1879,1896],{},[81,1877,1878],{},"Poisson's ratio",[81,1880,1881],{},[87,1882,1884],{"className":1883},[90],[87,1885,1887],{"className":1886,"ariaHidden":39},[94],[87,1888,1890,1893],{"className":1889},[98],[87,1891],{"className":1892,"style":1623},[102],[87,1894,1867],{"className":1895,"style":1866},[107,108],[81,1897,1898,1899],{},"Surfaces: the coupling between the two in-plane directions, and ",[87,1900,1902],{"className":1901},[90],[87,1903,1905],{"className":1904,"ariaHidden":39},[94],[87,1906,1908,1911],{"className":1907},[98],[87,1909],{"className":1910,"style":103},[102],[87,1912,1915],{"className":1913,"style":1914},[107,108],"margin-right:0.0278em;","D",[63,1917,1918,1921,1939],{},[81,1919,1920],{},"Density",[81,1922,1923],{},[87,1924,1926],{"className":1925},[90],[87,1927,1929],{"className":1928,"ariaHidden":39},[94],[87,1930,1932,1935],{"className":1931},[98],[87,1933],{"className":1934,"style":1190},[102],[87,1936,1938],{"className":1937},[107,108],"ρ",[81,1940,1941,1942],{},"Self-weight and the mass matrix for ",[47,1943,1945],{"href":1944},"\u002Fkb\u002Fanalysis\u002Fmodal","modal analysis",[63,1947,1948,1951,1970],{},[81,1949,1950],{},"Thermal expansion",[81,1952,1953],{},[87,1954,1956],{"className":1955},[90],[87,1957,1959],{"className":1958,"ariaHidden":39},[94],[87,1960,1962,1965],{"className":1961},[98],[87,1963],{"className":1964,"style":1623},[102],[87,1966,1969],{"className":1967,"style":1968},[107,108],"margin-right:0.0037em;","α",[81,1971,1972],{},"Temperature loads",[63,1974,1975,1978,2149],{},[81,1976,1977],{},"Strength",[81,1979,1980,281,2034,281,2088,1103],{},[87,1981,1983],{"className":1982},[90],[87,1984,1986],{"className":1985,"ariaHidden":39},[94],[87,1987,1989,1993],{"className":1988},[98],[87,1990],{"className":1991,"style":1992},[102],"height:0.9805em;vertical-align:-0.2861em;",[87,1994,1996,1999],{"className":1995},[107],[87,1997,1036],{"className":1998,"style":1035},[107,108],[87,2000,2002],{"className":2001},[158],[87,2003,2005,2026],{"className":2004},[162,163],[87,2006,2008,2023],{"className":2007},[167],[87,2009,2011],{"className":2010,"style":254},[171],[87,2012,2014,2017],{"style":2013},"top:-2.55em;margin-left:-0.1076em;margin-right:0.05em;",[87,2015],{"className":2016,"style":180},[179],[87,2018,2020],{"className":2019},[184,185,186,187],[87,2021,268],{"className":2022,"style":267},[107,108,187],[87,2024,204],{"className":2025},[203],[87,2027,2029],{"className":2028},[167],[87,2030,2032],{"className":2031,"style":278},[171],[87,2033],{},[87,2035,2037],{"className":2036},[90],[87,2038,2040],{"className":2039,"ariaHidden":39},[94],[87,2041,2043,2047],{"className":2042},[98],[87,2044],{"className":2045,"style":2046},[102],"height:0.8889em;vertical-align:-0.1944em;",[87,2048,2050,2053],{"className":2049},[107],[87,2051,1036],{"className":2052,"style":1035},[107,108],[87,2054,2056],{"className":2055},[158],[87,2057,2059,2080],{"className":2058},[162,163],[87,2060,2062,2077],{"className":2061},[167],[87,2063,2065],{"className":2064,"style":254},[171],[87,2066,2067,2070],{"style":2013},[87,2068],{"className":2069,"style":180},[179],[87,2071,2073],{"className":2072},[184,185,186,187],[87,2074,2076],{"className":2075},[107,108,187],"u",[87,2078,204],{"className":2079},[203],[87,2081,2083],{"className":2082},[167],[87,2084,2086],{"className":2085,"style":211},[171],[87,2087],{},[87,2089,2091],{"className":2090},[90],[87,2092,2094],{"className":2093,"ariaHidden":39},[94],[87,2095,2097,2100],{"className":2096},[98],[87,2098],{"className":2099,"style":2046},[102],[87,2101,2103,2106],{"className":2102},[107],[87,2104,1036],{"className":2105,"style":1035},[107,108],[87,2107,2109],{"className":2108},[158],[87,2110,2112,2141],{"className":2111},[162,163],[87,2113,2115,2138],{"className":2114},[167],[87,2116,2118],{"className":2117,"style":172},[171],[87,2119,2120,2123],{"style":2013},[87,2121],{"className":2122,"style":180},[179],[87,2124,2126],{"className":2125},[184,185,186,187],[87,2127,2129,2133],{"className":2128},[107,187],[87,2130,2132],{"className":2131},[107,108,187],"c",[87,2134,2137],{"className":2135,"style":2136},[107,108,187],"margin-right:0.0315em;","k",[87,2139,204],{"className":2140},[203],[87,2142,2144],{"className":2143},[167],[87,2145,2147],{"className":2146,"style":211},[171],[87,2148],{},[81,2150,2151],{},"Design checks only",[11,2153,2154,2155,1591],{},"Strength plays no part in the analysis. A linear elastic solve gives the same forces for\nS235 and S355; the difference appears only when a check divides by the resistance. This is\nwhy a linear result cannot tell you a member has yielded. See\n",[47,2156,2158],{"href":2157},"\u002Fkb\u002Fanalysis\u002Flinear-static","Linear static",[1119,2160,2162],{"id":2161},"values-worth-knowing-by-heart","Values worth knowing by heart",[57,2164,2165,2223],{},[60,2166,2167],{},[63,2168,2169,2172,2189,2206],{},[66,2170,2171],{},"Material",[66,2173,2174],{},[87,2175,2177],{"className":2176},[90],[87,2178,2180],{"className":2179,"ariaHidden":39},[94],[87,2181,2183,2186],{"className":2182},[98],[87,2184],{"className":2185,"style":103},[102],[87,2187,129],{"className":2188,"style":128},[107,108],[66,2190,2191],{},[87,2192,2194],{"className":2193},[90],[87,2195,2197],{"className":2196,"ariaHidden":39},[94],[87,2198,2200,2203],{"className":2199},[98],[87,2201],{"className":2202,"style":1623},[102],[87,2204,1867],{"className":2205,"style":1866},[107,108],[66,2207,2208],{},[87,2209,2211],{"className":2210},[90],[87,2212,2214],{"className":2213,"ariaHidden":39},[94],[87,2215,2217,2220],{"className":2216},[98],[87,2218],{"className":2219,"style":1190},[102],[87,2221,1938],{"className":2222},[107,108],[76,2224,2225,2239,2253,2267],{},[63,2226,2227,2230,2233,2236],{},[81,2228,2229],{},"Structural steel",[81,2231,2232],{},"210 000 MPa",[81,2234,2235],{},"0.3",[81,2237,2238],{},"7 850 kg\u002Fm³",[63,2240,2241,2244,2247,2250],{},[81,2242,2243],{},"Concrete (EN 1992-1-1, C30\u002F37)",[81,2245,2246],{},"33 000 MPa, secant, uncracked",[81,2248,2249],{},"0.2",[81,2251,2252],{},"2 500 kg\u002Fm³ reinforced",[63,2254,2255,2258,2261,2264],{},[81,2256,2257],{},"Aluminium",[81,2259,2260],{},"70 000 MPa",[81,2262,2263],{},"0.33",[81,2265,2266],{},"2 700 kg\u002Fm³",[63,2268,2269,2272,2275,2278],{},[81,2270,2271],{},"Softwood timber, parallel to grain",[81,2273,2274],{},"11 000 MPa, indicative",[81,2276,2277],{},"—",[81,2279,2280],{},"400–500 kg\u002Fm³",[11,2282,2283,2284,2344,2345,1591],{},"Steel's yield strength changes with grade and thickness; its modulus does not. Concrete is\nwhere the modulus is a decision. The tabulated ",[87,2285,2287],{"className":2286},[90],[87,2288,2290],{"className":2289,"ariaHidden":39},[94],[87,2291,2293,2296],{"className":2292},[98],[87,2294],{"className":2295,"style":146},[102],[87,2297,2299,2302],{"className":2298},[107],[87,2300,129],{"className":2301,"style":128},[107,108],[87,2303,2305],{"className":2304},[158],[87,2306,2308,2336],{"className":2307},[162,163],[87,2309,2311,2333],{"className":2310},[167],[87,2312,2314],{"className":2313,"style":254},[171],[87,2315,2317,2320],{"style":2316},"top:-2.55em;margin-left:-0.0576em;margin-right:0.05em;",[87,2318],{"className":2319,"style":180},[179],[87,2321,2323],{"className":2322},[184,185,186,187],[87,2324,2326,2329],{"className":2325},[107,187],[87,2327,2132],{"className":2328},[107,108,187],[87,2330,2332],{"className":2331},[107,108,187],"m",[87,2334,204],{"className":2335},[203],[87,2337,2339],{"className":2338},[167],[87,2340,2342],{"className":2341,"style":211},[171],[87,2343],{}," is a short-term uncracked value,\nand real deflections of a cracked, creeping slab are several times the linear elastic\nones. The linear model reports the uncracked answer; the code's cracked-section and creep\nmethods convert it. Read\n",[47,2346,2348],{"href":2347},"\u002Fkb\u002Fanalysis\u002Flinear-static#where-linear-static-is-not-enough","Linear static — where it is not enough",[1119,2350,2352],{"id":2351},"density-and-self-weight","Density and self-weight",[11,2354,2355,2356,2375,2376,2393],{},"Self-weight is generated from ",[87,2357,2359],{"className":2358},[90],[87,2360,2362],{"className":2361,"ariaHidden":39},[94],[87,2363,2365,2369,2372],{"className":2364},[98],[87,2366],{"className":2367,"style":2368},[102],"height:0.8778em;vertical-align:-0.1944em;",[87,2370,1938],{"className":2371},[107,108],[87,2373,109],{"className":2374},[107,108]," on members and ",[87,2377,2379],{"className":2378},[90],[87,2380,2382],{"className":2381,"ariaHidden":39},[94],[87,2383,2385,2389],{"className":2384},[98],[87,2386],{"className":2387,"style":2388},[102],"height:0.8095em;vertical-align:-0.1944em;",[87,2390,2392],{"className":2391},[107,108],"ρt"," on surfaces, so it is\nexactly as right as those three numbers. A material with zero density gives a model that\nsolves perfectly and weighs nothing; a density typed in the wrong unit is off by a round\nfactor — a hundred for kN\u002Fm³ typed where kg\u002Fm³ belongs, a thousand for t\u002Fm³.",[2395,2396,2399],"callout",{"title":2397,"type":2398},"Sum the self-weight reactions","check",[11,2400,2401,2402,1591],{},"Solve the self-weight case alone and compare the sum of reactions with a hand estimate.\nIt takes a minute. See ",[47,2403,2405],{"href":2404},"\u002Fkb\u002Floads\u002Fload-cases#self-weight","Load cases",[15,2407,2409],{"id":2408},"steel-grades-and-thickness","Steel grades and thickness",[11,2411,2412],{},"EN 1993-1-1 Table 3.1 reduces the nominal yield strength of thicker plates:",[57,2414,2415,2622],{},[60,2416,2417],{},[63,2418,2419,2422,2514],{},[66,2420,2421],{},"Grade",[66,2423,2424,281,2476,2513],{},[87,2425,2427],{"className":2426},[90],[87,2428,2430],{"className":2429,"ariaHidden":39},[94],[87,2431,2433,2436],{"className":2432},[98],[87,2434],{"className":2435,"style":1992},[102],[87,2437,2439,2442],{"className":2438},[107],[87,2440,1036],{"className":2441,"style":1035},[107,108],[87,2443,2445],{"className":2444},[158],[87,2446,2448,2468],{"className":2447},[162,163],[87,2449,2451,2465],{"className":2450},[167],[87,2452,2454],{"className":2453,"style":254},[171],[87,2455,2456,2459],{"style":2013},[87,2457],{"className":2458,"style":180},[179],[87,2460,2462],{"className":2461},[184,185,186,187],[87,2463,268],{"className":2464,"style":267},[107,108,187],[87,2466,204],{"className":2467},[203],[87,2469,2471],{"className":2470},[167],[87,2472,2474],{"className":2473,"style":278},[171],[87,2475],{},[87,2477,2479],{"className":2478},[90],[87,2480,2482,2502],{"className":2481,"ariaHidden":39},[94],[87,2483,2485,2489,2492,2495,2499],{"className":2484},[98],[87,2486],{"className":2487,"style":2488},[102],"height:0.7719em;vertical-align:-0.136em;",[87,2490,407],{"className":2491},[107,108],[87,2493],{"className":2494,"style":1806},[1805],[87,2496,2498],{"className":2497},[1810],"≤",[87,2500],{"className":2501,"style":1806},[1805],[87,2503,2505,2509],{"className":2504},[98],[87,2506],{"className":2507,"style":2508},[102],"height:0.6444em;",[87,2510,2512],{"className":2511},[107],"40"," mm",[66,2515,2516,281,2568,2513],{},[87,2517,2519],{"className":2518},[90],[87,2520,2522],{"className":2521,"ariaHidden":39},[94],[87,2523,2525,2528],{"className":2524},[98],[87,2526],{"className":2527,"style":1992},[102],[87,2529,2531,2534],{"className":2530},[107],[87,2532,1036],{"className":2533,"style":1035},[107,108],[87,2535,2537],{"className":2536},[158],[87,2538,2540,2560],{"className":2539},[162,163],[87,2541,2543,2557],{"className":2542},[167],[87,2544,2546],{"className":2545,"style":254},[171],[87,2547,2548,2551],{"style":2013},[87,2549],{"className":2550,"style":180},[179],[87,2552,2554],{"className":2553},[184,185,186,187],[87,2555,268],{"className":2556,"style":267},[107,108,187],[87,2558,204],{"className":2559},[203],[87,2561,2563],{"className":2562},[167],[87,2564,2566],{"className":2565,"style":278},[171],[87,2567],{},[87,2569,2571],{"className":2570},[90],[87,2572,2574,2594,2612],{"className":2573,"ariaHidden":39},[94],[87,2575,2577,2581,2584,2587,2591],{"className":2576},[98],[87,2578],{"className":2579,"style":2580},[102],"height:0.6835em;vertical-align:-0.0391em;",[87,2582,2512],{"className":2583},[107],[87,2585],{"className":2586,"style":1806},[1805],[87,2588,2590],{"className":2589},[1810],"\u003C",[87,2592],{"className":2593,"style":1806},[1805],[87,2595,2597,2600,2603,2606,2609],{"className":2596},[98],[87,2598],{"className":2599,"style":2488},[102],[87,2601,407],{"className":2602},[107,108],[87,2604],{"className":2605,"style":1806},[1805],[87,2607,2498],{"className":2608},[1810],[87,2610],{"className":2611,"style":1806},[1805],[87,2613,2615,2618],{"className":2614},[98],[87,2616],{"className":2617,"style":2508},[102],[87,2619,2621],{"className":2620},[107],"80",[76,2623,2624,2635,2646,2657],{},[63,2625,2626,2629,2632],{},[81,2627,2628],{},"S235",[81,2630,2631],{},"235 MPa",[81,2633,2634],{},"215 MPa",[63,2636,2637,2640,2643],{},[81,2638,2639],{},"S275",[81,2641,2642],{},"275 MPa",[81,2644,2645],{},"255 MPa",[63,2647,2648,2651,2654],{},[81,2649,2650],{},"S355",[81,2652,2653],{},"355 MPa",[81,2655,2656],{},"335 MPa",[63,2658,2659,2662,2665],{},[81,2660,2661],{},"S460",[81,2663,2664],{},"460 MPa",[81,2666,2667],{},"440 MPa",[2395,2669,2672],{"title":2670,"type":2671},"Thick flanges: enter the lower strength yourself","warning",[11,2673,2674,2675,2678,2679,2731,2732,2784],{},"The app does ",[23,2676,2677],{},"not"," reduce ",[87,2680,2682],{"className":2681},[90],[87,2683,2685],{"className":2684,"ariaHidden":39},[94],[87,2686,2688,2691],{"className":2687},[98],[87,2689],{"className":2690,"style":1992},[102],[87,2692,2694,2697],{"className":2693},[107],[87,2695,1036],{"className":2696,"style":1035},[107,108],[87,2698,2700],{"className":2699},[158],[87,2701,2703,2723],{"className":2702},[162,163],[87,2704,2706,2720],{"className":2705},[167],[87,2707,2709],{"className":2708,"style":254},[171],[87,2710,2711,2714],{"style":2013},[87,2712],{"className":2713,"style":180},[179],[87,2715,2717],{"className":2716},[184,185,186,187],[87,2718,268],{"className":2719,"style":267},[107,108,187],[87,2721,204],{"className":2722},[203],[87,2724,2726],{"className":2725},[167],[87,2727,2729],{"className":2728,"style":278},[171],[87,2730],{}," for thickness. A check reads the yield strength of the\nmember's material as you entered it, whatever the section's flange or web thickness. For\nan S355 column with 50 mm flanges, define a separate material, say \"S355 t > 40 mm\", at\n",[87,2733,2735],{"className":2734},[90],[87,2736,2738],{"className":2737,"ariaHidden":39},[94],[87,2739,2741,2744],{"className":2740},[98],[87,2742],{"className":2743,"style":1992},[102],[87,2745,2747,2750],{"className":2746},[107],[87,2748,1036],{"className":2749,"style":1035},[107,108],[87,2751,2753],{"className":2752},[158],[87,2754,2756,2776],{"className":2755},[162,163],[87,2757,2759,2773],{"className":2758},[167],[87,2760,2762],{"className":2761,"style":254},[171],[87,2763,2764,2767],{"style":2013},[87,2765],{"className":2766,"style":180},[179],[87,2768,2770],{"className":2769},[184,185,186,187],[87,2771,268],{"className":2772,"style":267},[107,108,187],[87,2774,204],{"className":2775},[203],[87,2777,2779],{"className":2778},[167],[87,2780,2782],{"className":2781,"style":278},[171],[87,2783],{}," = 335 MPa and assign it to the thick members.",[11,2786,2787],{},"Where the national annex refers to the product standard (EN 10025) instead, the steps are\nfiner and the values slightly different.",[15,2789,2791],{"id":2790},"catalogue-and-custom-sections","Catalogue and custom sections",[11,2793,2794],{},"Five catalogues ship, all picked by name from the library:",[57,2796,2797,2807],{},[60,2798,2799],{},[63,2800,2801,2804],{},[66,2802,2803],{},"Catalogue",[66,2805,2806],{},"Contents",[76,2808,2809,2817,2825,2833,2841],{},[63,2810,2811,2814],{},[81,2812,2813],{},"European hot-rolled profiles",[81,2815,2816],{},"I, H and U profiles to EN 10365 and angles to EN 10056",[63,2818,2819,2822],{},[81,2820,2821],{},"American hot-rolled shapes",[81,2823,2824],{},"W, HP, S, C and MC shapes and angles to ASTM A6, metric designations",[63,2826,2827,2830],{},[81,2828,2829],{},"AISC shapes",[81,2831,2832],{},"The AISC Shapes Database v16.0: W, M, S, HP, C, MC, L, HSS and pipe, 1,329 shapes in US customary units",[63,2834,2835,2838],{},[81,2836,2837],{},"Russian hot-rolled profiles",[81,2839,2840],{},"GOST beams and channels",[63,2842,2843,2846],{},[81,2844,2845],{},"Hot finished hollow sections",[81,2847,2848],{},"Square, rectangular and circular hollow sections to EN 10210",[11,2850,2851],{},"Anything else is made in the section editor, which has four ways in:",[2853,2854,2855,2862,2921,2927],"ul",{},[2856,2857,2858,2861],"li",{},[23,2859,2860],{},"Parametric"," shapes from dimensions: rectangle, circle, pipe, box, I, tee, channel\nand angle. A plated girder is an I with your own flange and web sizes.",[2856,2863,2864,2867,2868,2920],{},[23,2865,2866],{},"Outline",", drawn on the editor's canvas or read from a DXF. The properties are then\nsolved on the drawn shape: ",[87,2869,2871],{"className":2870},[90],[87,2872,2874],{"className":2873,"ariaHidden":39},[94],[87,2875,2877,2880],{"className":2876},[98],[87,2878],{"className":2879,"style":146},[102],[87,2881,2883,2886],{"className":2882},[107],[87,2884,241],{"className":2885,"style":240},[107,108],[87,2887,2889],{"className":2888},[158],[87,2890,2892,2912],{"className":2891},[162,163],[87,2893,2895,2909],{"className":2894},[167],[87,2896,2898],{"className":2897,"style":395},[171],[87,2899,2900,2903],{"style":257},[87,2901],{"className":2902,"style":180},[179],[87,2904,2906],{"className":2905},[184,185,186,187],[87,2907,407],{"className":2908},[107,108,187],[87,2910,204],{"className":2911},[203],[87,2913,2915],{"className":2914},[167],[87,2916,2918],{"className":2917,"style":211},[171],[87,2919],{}," by the St-Venant stress function on a finite-difference\ngrid, the shear areas from the shear flow, so a custom shape gets real values rather\nthan a thin-walled guess.",[2856,2922,2923,2926],{},[23,2924,2925],{},"Composite",", several shapes placed together, for a built-up section.",[2856,2928,2929,2932],{},[23,2930,2931],{},"Generic",", the numbers typed straight in, for a section whose properties come from a\nsupplier's table and whose shape does not matter.",[11,2934,2935,2936,281,2951,281,3003,281,3055,3107],{},"So anything with a known ",[87,2937,2939],{"className":2938},[90],[87,2940,2942],{"className":2941,"ariaHidden":39},[94],[87,2943,2945,2948],{"className":2944},[98],[87,2946],{"className":2947,"style":103},[102],[87,2949,109],{"className":2950},[107,108],[87,2952,2954],{"className":2953},[90],[87,2955,2957],{"className":2956,"ariaHidden":39},[94],[87,2958,2960,2963],{"className":2959},[98],[87,2961],{"className":2962,"style":233},[102],[87,2964,2966,2969],{"className":2965},[107],[87,2967,241],{"className":2968,"style":240},[107,108],[87,2970,2972],{"className":2971},[158],[87,2973,2975,2995],{"className":2974},[162,163],[87,2976,2978,2992],{"className":2977},[167],[87,2979,2981],{"className":2980,"style":254},[171],[87,2982,2983,2986],{"style":257},[87,2984],{"className":2985,"style":180},[179],[87,2987,2989],{"className":2988},[184,185,186,187],[87,2990,268],{"className":2991,"style":267},[107,108,187],[87,2993,204],{"className":2994},[203],[87,2996,2998],{"className":2997},[167],[87,2999,3001],{"className":3000,"style":278},[171],[87,3002],{},[87,3004,3006],{"className":3005},[90],[87,3007,3009],{"className":3008,"ariaHidden":39},[94],[87,3010,3012,3015],{"className":3011},[98],[87,3013],{"className":3014,"style":146},[102],[87,3016,3018,3021],{"className":3017},[107],[87,3019,241],{"className":3020,"style":240},[107,108],[87,3022,3024],{"className":3023},[158],[87,3025,3027,3047],{"className":3026},[162,163],[87,3028,3030,3044],{"className":3029},[167],[87,3031,3033],{"className":3032,"style":254},[171],[87,3034,3035,3038],{"style":257},[87,3036],{"className":3037,"style":180},[179],[87,3039,3041],{"className":3040},[184,185,186,187],[87,3042,324],{"className":3043,"style":323},[107,108,187],[87,3045,204],{"className":3046},[203],[87,3048,3050],{"className":3049},[167],[87,3051,3053],{"className":3052,"style":211},[171],[87,3054],{},[87,3056,3058],{"className":3057},[90],[87,3059,3061],{"className":3060,"ariaHidden":39},[94],[87,3062,3064,3067],{"className":3063},[98],[87,3065],{"className":3066,"style":146},[102],[87,3068,3070,3073],{"className":3069},[107],[87,3071,241],{"className":3072,"style":240},[107,108],[87,3074,3076],{"className":3075},[158],[87,3077,3079,3099],{"className":3078},[162,163],[87,3080,3082,3096],{"className":3081},[167],[87,3083,3085],{"className":3084,"style":395},[171],[87,3086,3087,3090],{"style":257},[87,3088],{"className":3089,"style":180},[179],[87,3091,3093],{"className":3092},[184,185,186,187],[87,3094,407],{"className":3095},[107,108,187],[87,3097,204],{"className":3098},[203],[87,3100,3102],{"className":3101},[167],[87,3103,3105],{"className":3104,"style":211},[171],[87,3106],{}," and moduli can be a section: a plated\ngirder, a built-up box, a timber glulam, a concrete rectangle. Two cautions:",[2853,3109,3110,3121],{},[2856,3111,3112,3115,3116,3120],{},[23,3113,3114],{},"Classification."," The EN 1993-1-1 module classifies doubly symmetric I and H sections\nand rectangular hollow sections from their outline, and treats solid rectangles and\ncircles as Class 1. Anything else is verified elastically as Class 3, with a message\nsaying so. See ",[47,3117,3119],{"href":3118},"\u002Fkb\u002Fdesign-checks\u002Fsection-classification","Section classification",". That\nis conservative for a stocky custom shape and unconservative for a thin-walled one that\nis really Class 4.",[2856,3122,3123,3126,3127,3232,3233,3291],{},[23,3124,3125],{},"Consistency."," ",[87,3128,3130],{"className":3129},[90],[87,3131,3133],{"className":3132,"ariaHidden":39},[94],[87,3134,3136,3140,3183,3186],{"className":3135},[98],[87,3137],{"className":3138,"style":3139},[102],"height:1.0361em;vertical-align:-0.2861em;",[87,3141,3143,3146],{"className":3142},[107],[87,3144,704],{"className":3145,"style":703},[107,108],[87,3147,3149],{"className":3148},[158],[87,3150,3152,3175],{"className":3151},[162,163],[87,3153,3155,3172],{"className":3154},[167],[87,3156,3158],{"className":3157,"style":172},[171],[87,3159,3160,3163],{"style":719},[87,3161],{"className":3162,"style":180},[179],[87,3164,3166],{"className":3165},[184,185,186,187],[87,3167,3169],{"className":3168},[107,187],[87,3170,654],{"className":3171,"style":653},[107,108,187],[87,3173,204],{"className":3174},[203],[87,3176,3178],{"className":3177},[167],[87,3179,3181],{"className":3180,"style":278},[171],[87,3182],{},[87,3184,1828],{"className":3185},[107],[87,3187,3189,3192],{"className":3188},[107],[87,3190,704],{"className":3191,"style":703},[107,108],[87,3193,3195],{"className":3194},[158],[87,3196,3198,3224],{"className":3197},[162,163],[87,3199,3201,3221],{"className":3200},[167],[87,3202,3204],{"className":3203,"style":172},[171],[87,3205,3206,3209],{"style":719},[87,3207],{"className":3208,"style":180},[179],[87,3210,3212],{"className":3211},[184,185,186,187],[87,3213,3215,3218],{"className":3214},[107,187],[87,3216,732],{"className":3217},[107,108,187],[87,3219,736],{"className":3220,"style":653},[107,108,187],[87,3222,204],{"className":3223},[203],[87,3225,3227],{"className":3226},[167],[87,3228,3230],{"className":3229,"style":211},[171],[87,3231],{}," is the shape factor: about 1.12 to 1.15 for an\nI-section about its strong axis, about 1.5 about its weak axis and for a rectangle, 1.70\nfor a solid circle. A plastic modulus below ",[87,3234,3236],{"className":3235},[90],[87,3237,3239],{"className":3238,"ariaHidden":39},[94],[87,3240,3242,3245],{"className":3241},[98],[87,3243],{"className":3244,"style":146},[102],[87,3246,3248,3251],{"className":3247},[107],[87,3249,704],{"className":3250,"style":703},[107,108],[87,3252,3254],{"className":3253},[158],[87,3255,3257,3283],{"className":3256},[162,163],[87,3258,3260,3280],{"className":3259},[167],[87,3261,3263],{"className":3262,"style":172},[171],[87,3264,3265,3268],{"style":719},[87,3266],{"className":3267,"style":180},[179],[87,3269,3271],{"className":3270},[184,185,186,187],[87,3272,3274,3277],{"className":3273},[107,187],[87,3275,732],{"className":3276},[107,108,187],[87,3278,736],{"className":3279,"style":653},[107,108,187],[87,3281,204],{"className":3282},[203],[87,3284,3286],{"className":3285},[167],[87,3287,3289],{"className":3288,"style":211},[171],[87,3290],{},", or far outside the range for its\nshape, is a typing error.",[15,3293,3295],{"id":3294},"limits-in-this-release","Limits in this release",[2853,3297,3298],{},[2856,3299,3300,3301,3353,3354,3357],{},"The yield strength is not reduced for thickness. Every check uses the material's ",[87,3302,3304],{"className":3303},[90],[87,3305,3307],{"className":3306,"ariaHidden":39},[94],[87,3308,3310,3313],{"className":3309},[98],[87,3311],{"className":3312,"style":1992},[102],[87,3314,3316,3319],{"className":3315},[107],[87,3317,1036],{"className":3318,"style":1035},[107,108],[87,3320,3322],{"className":3321},[158],[87,3323,3325,3345],{"className":3324},[162,163],[87,3326,3328,3342],{"className":3327},[167],[87,3329,3331],{"className":3330,"style":254},[171],[87,3332,3333,3336],{"style":2013},[87,3334],{"className":3335,"style":180},[179],[87,3337,3339],{"className":3338},[184,185,186,187],[87,3340,268],{"className":3341,"style":267},[107,108,187],[87,3343,204],{"className":3344},[203],[87,3346,3348],{"className":3347},[167],[87,3349,3351],{"className":3350,"style":278},[171],[87,3352],{},"\nas entered; members with elements thicker than 40 mm need their own material at the\nreduced value (see ",[47,3355,2409],{"href":3356},"#steel-grades-and-thickness",").",[15,3359,3361],{"id":3360},"checklist","Checklist",[2853,3363,3364,3367,3385,3392,3395,3398],{},[2856,3365,3366],{},"Every member has both a section and a material.",[2856,3368,3369,3384],{},[87,3370,3372],{"className":3371},[90],[87,3373,3375],{"className":3374,"ariaHidden":39},[94],[87,3376,3378,3381],{"className":3377},[98],[87,3379],{"className":3380,"style":103},[102],[87,3382,129],{"className":3383,"style":128},[107,108]," is 210 000 MPa for steel, not 210, not 2.1.",[2856,3386,3387,3388,3391],{},"Density is in ",[28,3389,3390],{},"kg\u002Fm³",", and the self-weight reaction matches a hand estimate.",[2856,3393,3394],{},"The strong axis points the way you think, on every rotated or sloping member.",[2856,3396,3397],{},"The yield strength matches the grade and the thickness.",[2856,3399,3400],{},"Stocky members have shear areas.",{"title":3402,"searchDepth":3403,"depth":3403,"links":3404},"",2,[3405,3406,3412,3416,3417,3418,3419],{"id":17,"depth":3403,"text":18},{"id":54,"depth":3403,"text":55,"children":3407},[3408,3410,3411],{"id":1121,"depth":3409,"text":1122},3,{"id":1636,"depth":3409,"text":1637},{"id":1704,"depth":3409,"text":482},{"id":1718,"depth":3403,"text":1719,"children":3413},[3414,3415],{"id":2161,"depth":3409,"text":2162},{"id":2351,"depth":3409,"text":2352},{"id":2408,"depth":3403,"text":2409},{"id":2790,"depth":3403,"text":2791},{"id":3294,"depth":3403,"text":3295},{"id":3360,"depth":3403,"text":3361},"What a section and a material contribute to the stiffness matrix and the design checks, and the values worth checking 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understands.",{"path":3446,"title":3447,"description":3448,"translated":3424},"\u002Fkb\u002Fgetting-started\u002Fquickstart","Quickstart","Build a portal frame, load it, solve it and read the bending moment diagram — about ten minutes from an empty tab.",{"path":3450,"title":3451,"description":3452,"translated":3424},"\u002Fkb\u002Fgetting-started\u002Fscope-and-limits","Scope and limits","What Elementarium models, solves and checks today, and what it does not — on one page, before you commit a job to it.",{"path":3454,"title":3455,"description":3456,"translated":3424},"\u002Fkb\u002Fgetting-started\u002Fsystem-requirements","System requirements","Which browsers and devices run Elementarium, how threading affects solve speed, and where the practical ceiling on model size comes from.",{"path":3458,"title":3459,"description":3460,"translated":3424},"\u002Fkb\u002Fgetting-started\u002Finterface-tour","Tour of the workspace","The ribbon, properties panel, dockable viewports, table dock, command palette and status bar — what each part of the editor is for.",{"path":3462,"title":3463,"description":3464,"translated":3424},"\u002Fkb\u002Fgetting-started\u002Funits","Units","How units work in Elementarium — SI inside, your unit system on screen — and the handful of conversions that cause most wrong answers in structural models.",{"path":3466,"title":3467,"description":3468,"translated":3424},"\u002Fkb\u002Fgetting-started\u002Ffirst-analysis","Your first analysis","Load cases, combinations and a linear static solve — then how to decide whether the answer is trustworthy.",{"path":3470,"slug":3471,"title":3472,"description":3473,"icon":3474,"articles":3475},"\u002Fkb\u002Fmodeling","modeling","Modeling","Bars, beams, 3D frames, slabs and walls. Geometry, sections, supports and releases that behave like the real structure.","lucide:frame",[3476,3480,3484,3488,3492,3493,3497,3501,3505],{"path":3477,"title":3478,"description":3479,"translated":3424},"\u002Fkb\u002Fmodeling\u002Fbars-beams-and-trusses","Bars, beams and trusses","When a member should be a bar and when a beam, how to model trusses and bracing, and what to do about members that only work in tension.",{"path":3481,"title":3482,"description":3483,"translated":3424},"\u002Fkb\u002Fmodeling\u002Fdrawings-and-snapping","Drawings & snapping","Importing a DXF as a reference underlay, choosing its units and plane, and snapping model geometry onto it accurately.",{"path":3485,"title":3486,"description":3487,"translated":3424},"\u002Fkb\u002Fmodeling\u002Felastic-foundations","Elastic foundations","Grade beams, strip footings and walls on ground as line supports on springs — choosing a subgrade modulus, and where the model stops being true.",{"path":3489,"title":3490,"description":3491,"translated":3424},"\u002Fkb\u002Fmodeling\u002Fplane-frames-in-3d","Plane frames in a 3D solver","When to use the 2D Frame and 2D Truss model types, why a flat structure in a 3D model is a mechanism, and how to restrain it.",{"path":3427,"title":6,"description":3420,"translated":3424},{"path":3494,"title":3495,"description":3496,"translated":3424},"\u002Fkb\u002Fmodeling\u002Fsurfaces","Slabs, walls and shells","Modelling surfaces in Elementarium — outlines, openings and thickness, how a beam or a wall attaches to a slab, local axes, and what a surface result means.",{"path":3498,"title":3499,"description":3500,"translated":3424},"\u002Fkb\u002Fmodeling\u002Fstructure-generators","Structure generators","Thirty-five parametric structures — trusses, frames, arches, towers, domes and shells — generated from a few dimensions, with supports and loads.",{"path":3502,"title":3503,"description":3504,"translated":3424},"\u002Fkb\u002Fmodeling\u002Fsupports-and-releases","Supports & releases","Pins, fixities, springs and end releases — what each one does to the stiffness matrix, and when each is right.",{"path":3506,"title":3507,"description":3508,"translated":3424},"\u002Fkb\u002Fmodeling\u002Ffirst-model","Your first model","The modeling loop end to end — geometry, sections, supports and releases — on a structure small enough to check by hand.",{"path":3510,"slug":3511,"title":3512,"description":3513,"icon":3514,"articles":3515},"\u002Fkb\u002Fmeshing","meshing","Meshing","Mesh density, local refinement and the quality checks that tell you when a mesh is fine enough to trust.","lucide:grid-3x3",[3516,3520,3524],{"path":3517,"title":3518,"description":3519,"translated":3424},"\u002Fkb\u002Fmeshing\u002Felement-size","Choosing element size","Starting mesh densities for slabs, walls and rafts, and the convergence test that decides whether a mesh is fine enough.",{"path":3521,"title":3522,"description":3523,"translated":3424},"\u002Fkb\u002Fmeshing\u002Frefinement","Local refinement","Where to spend elements, where not to bother, and how to refine without wrecking element shape.",{"path":3525,"title":3526,"description":3527,"translated":3424},"\u002Fkb\u002Fmeshing\u002Fquality-checks","Mesh quality","Aspect ratio, skew and warping — what degrades a result, what the mesher reports, and how to tell whether the elements you are worried about matter.",{"path":3529,"slug":3530,"title":3531,"description":3532,"icon":3533,"articles":3534},"\u002Fkb\u002Floads","loads","Loads & combinations","Build load cases, generate code combinations automatically and find out which one actually governs.","lucide:arrow-down-to-line",[3535,3539,3543,3547,3550,3554,3557],{"path":3536,"title":3537,"description":3538,"translated":3424},"\u002Fkb\u002Floads\u002Fasce-7-combinations","ASCE 7 combinations","LRFD and ASD combinations to ASCE 7-22 — how the generator maps your load groups onto D, L, Lr, S, W and E, and pairing them with the AISC check.",{"path":3540,"title":3541,"description":3542,"translated":3424},"\u002Fkb\u002Floads\u002Fcombinations","Automatic combinations","Generating EN 1990 and ASCE 7 combinations, understanding the equations behind them, and reading the generated set critically.",{"path":3544,"title":3545,"description":3546,"translated":3424},"\u002Fkb\u002Floads\u002Fenvelopes","Envelopes","Extracting the governing value across dozens of combinations without reading every one — and the traps in doing so.",{"path":3548,"title":2405,"description":3549,"translated":3424},"\u002Fkb\u002Floads\u002Fload-cases","Actions, self-weight, imposed loads and load arrangements — how to build cases that stay separable.",{"path":3551,"title":3552,"description":3553,"translated":3424},"\u002Fkb\u002Floads\u002Fload-panels","Load panels","Areas that hand a floor, roof or wall pressure to the members around them as line loads, one way or two way, without meshing a slab.",{"path":3555,"title":1972,"description":3556,"translated":3424},"\u002Fkb\u002Floads\u002Ftemperature-loads","Uniform temperature change and through-depth gradients — what each does to a free and a restrained structure, and the coefficients to use.",{"path":3558,"title":3559,"description":3560,"translated":3424},"\u002Fkb\u002Floads\u002Fwind-and-snow","Wind and snow","Wind to EN 1991-1-4 and snow to EN 1991-1-3, generated on a building envelope — site inputs, recognised roof shapes, the cases produced, and the limits.",{"path":3562,"slug":3563,"title":3564,"description":3565,"icon":3566,"articles":3567},"\u002Fkb\u002Fanalysis","analysis","Analysis types","Linear static, modal, linear buckling and second-order — what each analysis assumes, what it returns and how to read the 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good for.",{"path":3583,"title":3584,"description":3585,"translated":3424},"\u002Fkb\u002Fanalysis\u002Fsecond-order","Second-order analysis","P-Δ and P-δ solved by iteration, geometric imperfections to EN 1993-1-1 §5.3, and why a second-order result cannot be superposed.",{"path":3587,"title":3588,"description":3589,"translated":3424},"\u002Fkb\u002Fanalysis\u002Fverification","Verifying the solver","Closed-form cases you can build in ten minutes to test the solver — beams, frames, columns, plates, frequencies — with the expected error of each.",{"path":3591,"slug":3592,"title":3593,"description":3594,"icon":3595,"articles":3596},"\u002Fkb\u002Fdesign-checks","design-checks","Design checks","Utilisation ratios, governing cases and the clause behind every number a check reports.","lucide:clipboard-check",[3597,3601,3603,3607,3610],{"path":3598,"title":3599,"description":3600,"translated":3424},"\u002Fkb\u002Fdesign-checks\u002Fnational-annexes","National annexes","Where nationally determined parameters change the answer, how to select the right annex, and what to state in the report.",{"path":3118,"title":3119,"description":3602,"translated":3424},"How EN 1993-1-1 Table 5.2 classifies a steel section, why the class depends on the combination, and what the check does with shapes it cannot classify.",{"path":3604,"title":3605,"description":3606,"translated":3424},"\u002Fkb\u002Fdesign-checks\u002Fserviceability","Serviceability checks","Deflection, drift and floor frequency checked member by member at SLS, to the national annexes, EN 1990:2023, IBC, AISC or EN 1995-1-1.",{"path":3608,"title":1632,"description":3609,"translated":3424},"\u002Fkb\u002Fdesign-checks\u002Faisc","Member strength to Chapters D to H, LRFD or ASD — compression buckling, lateral-torsional buckling and every C_b option written down.",{"path":3611,"title":3612,"description":3613,"translated":3424},"\u002Fkb\u002Fdesign-checks\u002Fsteel","Steel — EN 1993-1-1","Member resistance to §6.2 and §6.3 — what is checked at every station, where buckling lengths come from, and the clauses left to you.",{"path":3615,"slug":3616,"title":3617,"description":3618,"icon":3619,"articles":3620},"\u002Fkb\u002Freports","reports","Results & reports","Diagrams, contours and tables in the viewport, and the calculation package you hand to a reviewer.","lucide:file-chart-column",[3621,3625,3629,3633,3637,3641],{"path":3622,"title":3623,"description":3624,"translated":3424},"\u002Fkb\u002Freports\u002Fexporting","Exporting a report","Assembling a calculation package a reviewer can follow — inputs, model, results and checks, in the order a calc package should be.",{"path":3626,"title":3627,"description":3628,"translated":3424},"\u002Fkb\u002Freports\u002Fifc","IFC structural models","The IFC structural analysis view in and out — what IFC2X3, IFC4 and IFC4X3 files bring, what an export carries, and what IFC cannot say.",{"path":3630,"title":3631,"description":3632,"translated":3424},"\u002Fkb\u002Freports\u002Fexchange","Import & export formats","IFC structural models and SAF workbooks in and out, DXF as a reference drawing, result tables as CSV or xlsx, and an OOFEM input deck.",{"path":3634,"title":3635,"description":3636,"translated":3424},"\u002Fkb\u002Freports\u002Freading-diagrams","Reading diagrams","Bending, shear and axial diagrams, contour plots and deformed shapes — the conventions behind what you are looking at.",{"path":3638,"title":3639,"description":3640,"translated":3424},"\u002Fkb\u002Freports\u002Fresult-tables","Result tables","Filtering, sorting and extracting numbers — getting the value you need out of a solved model without scrolling.",{"path":3642,"title":3643,"description":3644,"translated":3424},"\u002Fkb\u002Freports\u002Freviewing","Reviewing a calculation","For the checking engineer — how to interrogate a model you did not build, what the report guarantees, and the questions to ask first.",{"path":3646,"slug":3647,"title":3648,"description":3649,"icon":3650,"articles":3651},"\u002Fkb\u002Fcollaboration","collaboration","Collaboration & sync","Shared models, real-time editing, and offline edits that merge cleanly when you reconnect.","lucide:users-round",[3652,3656,3660,3664,3668],{"path":3653,"title":3654,"description":3655,"translated":3424},"\u002Fkb\u002Fcollaboration\u002Fcomments","Comments","Threads pinned to nodes, members, plates or points, @mentions, blocking comments that hold up a report, and the notifications they send.",{"path":3657,"title":3658,"description":3659,"translated":3424},"\u002Fkb\u002Fcollaboration\u002Fsharing-projects","Sharing a project","Inviting people to a model, what each role can do, and how to coordinate two engineers in the same structure.",{"path":3661,"title":3662,"description":3663,"translated":3424},"\u002Fkb\u002Fcollaboration\u002Fversion-history","Version history","Automatic checkpoints and named versions — how long they are kept, previewing an earlier state, and restoring it in place or as a new project.",{"path":3665,"title":3666,"description":3667,"translated":3424},"\u002Fkb\u002Fcollaboration\u002Fdevices","Working across devices","One account on every device — how a project follows you from desk to laptop, tablet or phone, and what changes on a small screen.",{"path":3669,"title":3670,"description":3671,"translated":3424},"\u002Fkb\u002Fcollaboration\u002Fworking-offline","Working offline","What keeps working with no connection, what does not, and how offline edits merge when you come back.",{"path":3673,"slug":3674,"title":3675,"description":3676,"icon":3677,"articles":3678},"\u002Fkb\u002Ftheory","theory","Theory notes","The mechanics inside the solver — element formulations, sign conventions, numerical assumptions and their 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solution and recovery.",{"path":3693,"title":3694,"description":3695,"translated":3424},"\u002Fkb\u002Ftheory\u002Fwinkler-foundations","Winkler foundations","The bedding model behind elastic foundations — what it assumes, how to choose a modulus, and precisely where the idealisation stops being true.",{"path":3697,"slug":3698,"title":3699,"description":3700,"icon":3701,"articles":3702},"\u002Fkb\u002Ftroubleshooting","troubleshooting","Troubleshooting","Solver errors, unstable models and results that look wrong — with the usual causes listed first.","lucide:life-buoy",[3703,3707],{"path":3704,"title":3705,"description":3706,"translated":3424},"\u002Fkb\u002Ftroubleshooting\u002Fsolver-errors","Solver errors","What each class of solver message means, what usually causes it, and what to do next.",{"path":3708,"title":3709,"description":3710,"translated":3424},"\u002Fkb\u002Ftroubleshooting\u002Fsingular-stiffness-matrix","Why the solver reports a singular stiffness matrix","The most 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