[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":1309},["ShallowReactive",2],{"kb-en-\u002Fkb\u002Fmodeling\u002Fbars-beams-and-trusses":3,"kb-nav-en":922},{"page":4,"fallback":912},{"id":5,"title":6,"body":7,"description":910,"extension":911,"faq":912,"meta":913,"navigation":914,"ogImage":915,"order":916,"path":917,"raw":912,"robots":915,"schemaOrg":915,"seo":918,"sitemap":919,"stem":920,"__hash__":921},"content_en\u002Fkb\u002Fmodeling\u002Fbars-beams-and-trusses.md","Bars, beams and trusses",{"type":8,"value":9,"toc":898},"minimark",[10,14,19,388,397,403,410,414,447,455,459,545,548,552,555,563,567,611,616,620,623,631,753,760,764,767,779,783,887],[11,12,13],"p",{},"Elementarium has two line elements. Choosing between them is the first modelling decision\non every member. The wrong choice produces either a mechanism or a moment that should not\nexist.",[15,16,18],"h2",{"id":17},"the-two-elements","The two elements",[20,21,22,37],"table",{},[23,24,25],"thead",{},[26,27,28,31,34],"tr",{},[29,30],"th",{},[29,32,33],{},"Bar",[29,35,36],{},"Beam",[38,39,40,52,355,366,377],"tbody",{},[26,41,42,46,49],{},[43,44,45],"td",{},"Degrees of freedom per node",[43,47,48],{},"3 — translations",[43,50,51],{},"6 — translations and rotations",[26,53,54,57,85],{},[43,55,56],{},"Carries",[43,58,59],{},[60,61,64],"span",{"className":62},[63],"katex",[60,65,69],{"className":66,"ariaHidden":68},[67],"katex-html","true",[60,70,73,78],{"className":71},[72],"base",[60,74],{"className":75,"style":77},[76],"strut","height:0.6833em;",[60,79,84],{"className":80,"style":83},[81,82],"mord","mathnormal","margin-right:0.109em;","N",[43,86,87,102,103,102,176,102,232,102,249,102,303],{},[60,88,90],{"className":89},[63],[60,91,93],{"className":92,"ariaHidden":68},[67],[60,94,96,99],{"className":95},[72],[60,97],{"className":98,"style":77},[76],[60,100,84],{"className":101,"style":83},[81,82],", 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along its length",[43,361,362],{},"Contributes to the nodes only",[43,364,365],{},"Bending along the member",[26,367,368,371,374],{},[43,369,370],{},"Exact for",[43,372,373],{},"Prismatic members loaded at their ends",[43,375,376],{},"Nodal values of prismatic members, under end and member loads",[26,378,379,382,385],{},[43,380,381],{},"Moment releases",[43,383,384],{},"Not applicable",[43,386,387],{},"At either end, or both",[11,389,390,391,396],{},"The full formulations are in\n",[392,393,395],"a",{"href":394},"\u002Fkb\u002Ftheory\u002Felement-formulations","Element formulations",". The practical rule is shorter:",[398,399,400],"blockquote",{},[11,401,402],{},"A bar is a member that carries axial force and nothing else. A beam is everything\nelse.",[404,405],"kb-figure",{"alt":406,"caption":407,"meta":408,"src":409},"A viewport plotting the normal force N on the lattice tower example under the dead load case, with the largest negative values on the legs","Normal force N in the lattice tower under dead load. The tower is modelled with beam elements, and the diagram shows what a triangulated structure does with them: the legs carry the axial force and everything else is small.","Dead load · 318 members","\u002Fkb\u002Fviewport-tower-n.webp",[15,411,413],{"id":412},"when-a-bar-is-right","When a bar is right",[415,416,417,425,431,441],"ul",{},[418,419,420,424],"li",{},[421,422,423],"strong",{},"Truss members"," connected by genuine pins, or by gusset plates in a triangulated\nstructure where axial force dominates so completely that the secondary moments are\nignored by convention.",[418,426,427,430],{},[421,428,429],{},"Bracing",": roof bracing, wall bracing, cross bracing in a bay.",[418,432,433,436,437,440],{},[421,434,435],{},"Ties and hangers"," in tension, ",[421,438,439],{},"struts"," in compression.",[418,442,443,446],{},[421,444,445],{},"Cables",", only as a straight member with a linear stiffness. A sagging cable's\ngeometric nonlinearity is not represented.",[11,448,449,450,454],{},"The ",[392,451,453],{"href":452},"\u002Fexamples","steel hall"," example uses bars for its roof and wall bracing and beams for\neverything else, which is the usual split.",[15,456,458],{"id":457},"when-a-beam-is-right","When a beam is right",[415,460,461,468,474],{},[418,462,463,464,467],{},"Anything ",[421,465,466],{},"continuous"," at its ends: columns, rafters, girders, purlins over several\nsupports.",[418,469,463,470,473],{},[421,471,472],{},"loaded along its length",". A bar has no bending stiffness, so a distributed\nload on a bar goes straight to the nodes and the member reports no moment. That is wrong\nfor a purlin and right for an unloaded brace.",[418,475,476,477,480,481,496,497,512,513,528,529,544],{},"Anything whose ",[421,478,479],{},"bending matters"," to the design check. The steel modules check ",[60,482,484],{"className":483},[63],[60,485,487],{"className":486,"ariaHidden":68},[67],[60,488,490,493],{"className":489},[72],[60,491],{"className":492,"style":77},[76],[60,494,267],{"className":495,"style":83},[81,82],",\n",[60,498,500],{"className":499},[63],[60,501,503],{"className":502,"ariaHidden":68},[67],[60,504,506,509],{"className":505},[72],[60,507],{"className":508,"style":77},[76],[60,510,123],{"className":511,"style":122},[81,82]," and their interaction with ",[60,514,516],{"className":515},[63],[60,517,519],{"className":518,"ariaHidden":68},[67],[60,520,522,525],{"className":521},[72],[60,523],{"className":524,"style":77},[76],[60,526,84],{"className":527,"style":83},[81,82],"; a bar hands them ",[60,530,532],{"className":531},[63],[60,533,535],{"className":534,"ariaHidden":68},[67],[60,536,538,541],{"className":537},[72],[60,539],{"className":540,"style":77},[76],[60,542,84],{"className":543,"style":83},[81,82]," alone.",[11,546,547],{},"If in doubt, use a beam and release the ends you believe are pinned.",[15,549,551],{"id":550},"releasing-both-ends","Releasing both ends",[11,553,554],{},"A beam released in moment at both ends is a pin-ended member, and often the right model:\na simply supported secondary beam under a distributed load is exactly that. A bar would be\nwrong there, because a bar drops its span load straight to the nodes.",[11,556,557,558,562],{},"What a release can leave free is the rotation of a node that nothing else holds — a node\nwhere every member is released, say. The solver locks such rotations before it solves and\nreports that it did, so the solve completes. Read that message: a rotation you meant to\nrestrain shows up there too. See\n",[392,559,561],{"href":560},"\u002Fkb\u002Ftroubleshooting\u002Fsingular-stiffness-matrix","Singular stiffness matrix",".",[15,564,566],{"id":565},"modelling-a-truss","Modelling a truss",[568,569,570],"steps",{},[571,572,573,579,589,595,605],"ol",{},[418,574,575,578],{},[421,576,577],{},"Draw the chords as beams and the web as bars."," Real chords are continuous through\nthe panel points, and modelling them so puts the small secondary moments where they\nreally are. An all-bar truss is fine for a textbook exercise and slightly optimistic\nfor a real one.",[418,580,581,584,585,562],{},[421,582,583],{},"Put nodes at every panel point",", and only there. Members meeting at a common node\nshare it; two members that cross without a node pass through each other. See\n",[392,586,588],{"href":587},"\u002Fkb\u002Fmodeling\u002Ffirst-model","Your first model",[418,590,591,594],{},[421,592,593],{},"Apply loads at the nodes"," for a pure truss. If a purlin sits between panel points,\nthe chord is carrying bending and should be a beam.",[418,596,597,600,601,562],{},[421,598,599],{},"Restrain the out-of-plane direction"," on a planar truss modelled in 3D. Every node of\na plane truss can move out of plane unless something stops it. See\n",[392,602,604],{"href":603},"\u002Fkb\u002Fmodeling\u002Fplane-frames-in-3d","Plane frames in a 3D solver",[418,606,607,610],{},[421,608,609],{},"Check for real mechanisms."," A node connected only to bars has no rotational\nstiffness, and the solver locks those rotations itself. A truss that can still move — a\nmissing diagonal, a panel with no bracing — is a mechanism, and the pre-solve model\ncheck names it.",[612,613],"try-example",{"id":614,"note":615},"lattice-tower","A 3D lattice of 318 members on four pinned feet, under conductor loads.",[15,617,619],{"id":618},"bracing-and-the-tension-only-problem","Bracing and the tension-only problem",[11,621,622],{},"Cross bracing (two diagonals in an X) is usually designed on the assumption that the\ncompression diagonal buckles out and the tension diagonal takes the whole shear. A linear\nanalysis does not know that: both diagonals carry half the shear, one in tension and one\nin compression.",[624,625,628],"callout",{"title":626,"type":627},"Tension-only members are not available in this release","warning",[11,629,630],{},"Pick one of these options and read the result accordingly.",[20,632,633,646],{},[23,634,635],{},[26,636,637,640,643],{},[29,638,639],{},"Option",[29,641,642],{},"How",[29,644,645],{},"Trade-off",[38,647,648,727,740],{},[26,649,650,655,658],{},[43,651,652],{},[421,653,654],{},"Model both diagonals",[43,656,657],{},"Read the tension diagonal's force. The compression one reports the same magnitude; the real tension force is roughly double the linear one.",[43,659,660,661,664,665,726],{},"The usual approach, and ",[421,662,663],{},"unconservative"," in stiffness: the frame is about twice as stiff as the tension-only reality, so sway, drift and ",[60,666,668],{"className":667},[63],[60,669,671],{"className":670,"ariaHidden":68},[67],[60,672,674,678],{"className":673},[72],[60,675],{"className":676,"style":677},[76],"height:0.5806em;vertical-align:-0.15em;",[60,679,681,686],{"className":680},[81],[60,682,685],{"className":683,"style":684},[81,82],"margin-right:0.0037em;","α",[60,687,689],{"className":688},[127],[60,690,692,718],{"className":691},[131,132],[60,693,695,715],{"className":694},[136],[60,696,698],{"className":697,"style":141},[140],[60,699,701,704],{"style":700},"top:-2.55em;margin-left:-0.0037em;margin-right:0.05em;",[60,702],{"className":703,"style":149},[148],[60,705,707],{"className":706},[153,154,155,156],[60,708,710],{"className":709},[81,156],[60,711,714],{"className":712,"style":713},[81,82,156],"margin-right:0.0278em;","cr",[60,716,166],{"className":717},[165],[60,719,721],{"className":720},[136],[60,722,724],{"className":723,"style":229},[140],[60,725],{}," come out optimistic. Check those on a model with one diagonal.",[26,728,729,734,737],{},[43,730,731],{},[421,732,733],{},"Model only the tension diagonal",[43,735,736],{},"For each wind direction, in a copy of the project or by swapping the diagonal between runs; read that run for that direction.",[43,738,739],{},"Exact for the bracing, and more work. A member exists in every load case, so the two directions cannot share one model.",[26,741,742,747,750],{},[43,743,744],{},[421,745,746],{},"Give the compression diagonal a very small area",[43,748,749],{},"It then contributes almost nothing.",[43,751,752],{},"Do not use zero: a member with no stiffness is a solver error, not a tension-only member. Do not read its own force for anything.",[11,754,755,759],{},[392,756,758],{"href":757},"\u002Fkb\u002Fanalysis\u002Fbuckling","Linear buckling"," will usually show the slender compression\ndiagonal as the first mode. That confirms the design assumption; it is not a problem to\nfix.",[15,761,763],{"id":762},"shear-connections-and-the-moment-that-should-not-be-there","Shear connections and the moment that should not be there",[11,765,766],{},"The opposite mistake: a beam bolted to a column with a simple web cleat, drawn as\ncontinuous, attracts a hogging moment it cannot carry. The model is stiffer than the\nstructure, the column gets a moment the connection will never deliver, and the beam's\nmid-span moment is understated.",[11,768,769,770,773,774,778],{},"Use a ",[421,771,772],{},"release"," at that end (",[392,775,777],{"href":776},"\u002Fkb\u002Fmodeling\u002Fsupports-and-releases#releases","Supports and releases",")\nor, for a bolted end plate that is neither pinned nor rigid, a rotational stiffness on the\nrelease. Say in the report which you chose.",[15,780,782],{"id":781},"choosing-quickly","Choosing quickly",[20,784,785,798],{},[23,786,787],{},[26,788,789,792,795],{},[29,790,791],{},"Member",[29,793,794],{},"Element",[29,796,797],{},"Ends",[38,799,800,810,820,830,840,849,859,868,878],{},[26,801,802,805,807],{},[43,803,804],{},"Column in a moment frame",[43,806,36],{},[43,808,809],{},"Continuous",[26,811,812,815,817],{},[43,813,814],{},"Rafter of a portal frame",[43,816,36],{},[43,818,819],{},"Continuous at the eaves",[26,821,822,825,827],{},[43,823,824],{},"Simply supported beam on two supports",[43,826,36],{},[43,828,829],{},"No releases — the supported nodes are free to rotate",[26,831,832,835,837],{},[43,833,834],{},"Secondary beam between two girders",[43,836,36],{},[43,838,839],{},"Release one end; release both only where the girders hold the end nodes' rotation",[26,841,842,845,847],{},[43,843,844],{},"Truss chord",[43,846,36],{},[43,848,809],{},[26,850,851,854,856],{},[43,852,853],{},"Truss diagonal",[43,855,33],{},[43,857,858],{},"—",[26,860,861,864,866],{},[43,862,863],{},"Roof or wall bracing",[43,865,33],{},[43,867,858],{},[26,869,870,873,875],{},[43,871,872],{},"Purlin",[43,874,36],{},[43,876,877],{},"Released or continuous, as built",[26,879,880,883,885],{},[43,881,882],{},"Tie rod",[43,884,33],{},[43,886,858],{},[11,888,889,890,893,894,897],{},"Two of those rows are where models go wrong. A beam spanning between two ",[421,891,892],{},"supports","\nneeds no release: the pinned supports restrain translation and leave rotation free, and\nthe beam's ends rotate with the nodes. A beam spanning between two ",[421,895,896],{},"other members"," is\ndifferent. Its end nodes are held in rotation only by whatever else meets there, and a\nrelease at both ends about an axis nothing else restrains is the mechanism described\nabove. If the member genuinely carries no moment, make it a bar.",{"title":899,"searchDepth":900,"depth":900,"links":901},"",2,[902,903,904,905,906,907,908,909],{"id":17,"depth":900,"text":18},{"id":412,"depth":900,"text":413},{"id":457,"depth":900,"text":458},{"id":550,"depth":900,"text":551},{"id":565,"depth":900,"text":566},{"id":618,"depth":900,"text":619},{"id":762,"depth":900,"text":763},{"id":781,"depth":900,"text":782},"When a member should be a bar and when a beam, how to model trusses and bracing, and what to do about members that only work in tension.","md",false,{},true,null,6,"\u002Fkb\u002Fmodeling\u002Fbars-beams-and-trusses",{"title":6,"description":910},{"loc":917},"kb\u002Fmodeling\u002Fbars-beams-and-trusses","fFt4mm_rqTUOGIWFnhgAtDJWUE4MQzFEYu9i5zG6VUo",{"sections":923,"extras":1225,"flat":1238},[924,959,995,1014,1049,1078,1105,1136,1163,1188,1202],{"path":925,"slug":926,"title":927,"description":928,"icon":929,"articles":930},"\u002Fkb\u002Fgetting-started","getting-started","Getting started","From an empty tab to a solved, checked structure — the three guides that get you productive in Elementarium.","lucide:rocket",[931,935,939,943,947,951,955],{"path":932,"title":933,"description":934,"translated":914},"\u002Fkb\u002Fgetting-started\u002Fkeyboard-shortcuts","Keyboard shortcuts","Every key binding in the workspace, the pointer gestures in the viewports, what the number fields accept, and what the command palette understands.",{"path":936,"title":937,"description":938,"translated":914},"\u002Fkb\u002Fgetting-started\u002Fquickstart","Quickstart","Build a portal frame, load it, solve it and read the bending moment diagram — about ten minutes from an empty tab.",{"path":940,"title":941,"description":942,"translated":914},"\u002Fkb\u002Fgetting-started\u002Fscope-and-limits","Scope and limits","What Elementarium models, solves and checks today, and what it does not — on one page, before you commit a job to it.",{"path":944,"title":945,"description":946,"translated":914},"\u002Fkb\u002Fgetting-started\u002Fsystem-requirements","System requirements","Which browsers and devices run Elementarium, how threading affects solve speed, and where the practical ceiling on model size comes from.",{"path":948,"title":949,"description":950,"translated":914},"\u002Fkb\u002Fgetting-started\u002Finterface-tour","Tour of the workspace","The ribbon, properties panel, dockable viewports, table dock, command palette and status bar — what each part of the editor is for.",{"path":952,"title":953,"description":954,"translated":914},"\u002Fkb\u002Fgetting-started\u002Funits","Units","How units work in Elementarium — SI inside, your unit system on screen — and the handful of conversions that cause most wrong answers in structural models.",{"path":956,"title":957,"description":958,"translated":914},"\u002Fkb\u002Fgetting-started\u002Ffirst-analysis","Your first analysis","Load cases, combinations and a linear static solve — then how to decide whether the answer is trustworthy.",{"path":960,"slug":961,"title":962,"description":963,"icon":964,"articles":965},"\u002Fkb\u002Fmodeling","modeling","Modeling","Bars, beams, 3D frames, slabs and walls. Geometry, sections, supports and releases that behave like the real structure.","lucide:frame",[966,967,971,975,977,981,985,989,993],{"path":917,"title":6,"description":910,"translated":914},{"path":968,"title":969,"description":970,"translated":914},"\u002Fkb\u002Fmodeling\u002Fdrawings-and-snapping","Drawings & snapping","Importing a DXF as a reference underlay, choosing its units and plane, and snapping model geometry onto it accurately.",{"path":972,"title":973,"description":974,"translated":914},"\u002Fkb\u002Fmodeling\u002Felastic-foundations","Elastic foundations","Grade beams, strip footings and walls on ground as line supports on springs — choosing a subgrade modulus, and where the model stops being true.",{"path":603,"title":604,"description":976,"translated":914},"When to use the 2D Frame and 2D Truss model types, why a flat structure in a 3D model is a mechanism, and how to restrain it.",{"path":978,"title":979,"description":980,"translated":914},"\u002Fkb\u002Fmodeling\u002Fsections-and-materials","Sections & materials","What a section and a material contribute to the stiffness matrix and the design checks, and the values worth checking twice.",{"path":982,"title":983,"description":984,"translated":914},"\u002Fkb\u002Fmodeling\u002Fsurfaces","Slabs, walls and shells","Modelling surfaces in Elementarium — outlines, openings and thickness, how a beam or a wall attaches to a slab, local axes, and what a surface result means.",{"path":986,"title":987,"description":988,"translated":914},"\u002Fkb\u002Fmodeling\u002Fstructure-generators","Structure generators","Thirty-five parametric structures — trusses, frames, arches, towers, domes and shells — generated from a few dimensions, with supports and loads.",{"path":990,"title":991,"description":992,"translated":914},"\u002Fkb\u002Fmodeling\u002Fsupports-and-releases","Supports & releases","Pins, fixities, springs and end 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