[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":2339},["ShallowReactive",2],{"kb-en-\u002Fkb\u002Floads\u002Fwind-and-snow":3,"kb-nav-en":1947},{"page":4,"fallback":1937},{"id":5,"title":6,"body":7,"description":1935,"extension":1936,"faq":1937,"meta":1938,"navigation":1939,"ogImage":1940,"order":1941,"path":1942,"raw":1937,"robots":1940,"schemaOrg":1940,"seo":1943,"sitemap":1944,"stem":1945,"__hash__":1946},"content_en\u002Fkb\u002Floads\u002Fwind-and-snow.md","Wind and snow",{"type":8,"value":9,"toc":1923},"minimark",[10,14,38,43,68,120,127,131,221,224,227,231,236,733,928,933,1193,1319,1323,1553,1591,1595,1601,1605,1617,1620,1634,1641,1645,1835,1839,1920],[11,12,13],"p",{},"Wind and snow on a building are a geometry problem as much as a load problem: which faces\nare walls and which are roof, which zone each part of a face falls in, which pressure\ncoefficient applies at which pitch, and how many arrangements the code asks for. The\ngenerators read that geometry from the model and write the load cases. You supply the\nsite; they supply the zoning, the coefficients and the cases.",[11,15,16,17,21,22,25,26,29,30,33,34,37],{},"Open them from ",[18,19,20],"strong",{},"Loads › Generators › Wind"," or ",[18,23,24],{},"Snow",". Both open the ",[18,27,28],{},"Climate loads","\ndialog, which lists the project's generators on the left; ",[18,31,32],{},"New wind"," and ",[18,35,36],{},"New snow","\nadd another. The generators are on every plan.",[39,40,42],"h2",{"id":41},"what-they-load","What they load",[11,44,45,46,33,53,56,57,60,61,21,64,67],{},"The generators put pressure on ",[18,47,48],{},[49,50,52],"a",{"href":51},"\u002Fkb\u002Floads\u002Fload-panels","load panels",[18,54,55],{},"plates",". A\nload panel hands the pressure to the beams around it; a plate carries it itself. Draw the\nbuilding's envelope, its walls and roof, as one or the other, and the generator recognises\nit from the geometry. Nothing is declared by hand. Each surface is classed as ",[18,58,59],{},"Wall",",\n",[18,62,63],{},"Roof",[18,65,66],{},"Left out",", with the reason for leaving it out:",[69,70,71,84],"table",{},[72,73,74],"thead",{},[75,76,77,81],"tr",{},[78,79,80],"th",{},"Left out because",[78,82,83],{},"Usually means",[85,86,87,96,104,112],"tbody",{},[75,88,89,93],{},[90,91,92],"td",{},"Wall not along the X\u002FY axes",[90,94,95],{},"A skewed wall: the plan must be rectangular and axis-aligned",[75,97,98,101],{},[90,99,100],{},"Inside the plan",[90,102,103],{},"A partition, not the envelope",[75,105,106,109],{},[90,107,108],{},"Covered by another panel",[90,110,111],{},"A floor, not the roof",[75,113,114,117],{},[90,115,116],{},"Roof shape not covered",[90,118,119],{},"A roof the generator does not have tables for, below",[11,121,122,123,126],{},"The dialog draws the envelope in axonometry: pressure warm and suction cool for wind, the\nshape coefficient μ for snow, with a zone table beside it. While a generated case is in\nview, the ",[18,124,125],{},"Wind & snow zones"," display option shades every wall and roof panel with its\nzones and coefficients.",[39,128,130],{"id":129},"roof-shapes","Roof shapes",[69,132,133,144],{},[72,134,135],{},[75,136,137,139,142],{},[78,138,63],{},[78,140,141],{},"Wind",[78,143,24],{},[85,145,146,157,168,178,189,200,211],{},[75,147,148,151,154],{},[90,149,150],{},"None, walls only",[90,152,153],{},"Walls",[90,155,156],{},"—",[75,158,159,162,165],{},[90,160,161],{},"Flat, rectangular plan",[90,163,164],{},"§7.2.3, zones F–I",[90,166,167],{},"§5.3.2",[75,169,170,173,176],{},[90,171,172],{},"Monopitch",[90,174,175],{},"§7.2.4",[90,177,167],{},[75,179,180,183,186],{},[90,181,182],{},"Duopitch",[90,184,185],{},"§7.2.5",[90,187,188],{},"§5.3.3, undrifted and both half-loaded arrangements",[75,190,191,194,197],{},[90,192,193],{},"Hipped",[90,195,196],{},"§7.2.6, zones F–N",[90,198,199],{},"Each face halved in turn*",[75,201,202,205,208],{},[90,203,204],{},"Multi-span, ridges and valleys or saw-tooth",[90,206,207],{},"§7.2.7",[90,209,210],{},"§5.3.4, drift into each valley; §5.3.6 at each step",[75,212,213,216,219],{},[90,214,215],{},"Kinked duopitch (gambrel, mansard)",[90,217,218],{},"Each plane at its own pitch*",[90,220,218],{},[11,222,223],{},"* EN 1991 has no table or clause for this case. The generator applies common practice and\nsays so in a note on the dialog, and in the report. Wherever the generator departs from\nthe letter of the code, it writes a note.",[11,225,226],{},"A roof at 60° or steeper carries no snow, since μ₁ = 0. A flat roof at two heights, and\nroofs with several flat levels or pitched parts that do not fit one profile, are refused,\nand those panels are left unloaded.",[39,228,230],{"id":229},"wind-to-en-1991-1-4","Wind to EN 1991-1-4",[11,232,233],{},[18,234,235],{},"Site",[69,237,238,251],{},[72,239,240],{},[75,241,242,245,248],{},[78,243,244],{},"Input",[78,246,247],{},"Default",[78,249,250],{},"Notes",[85,252,253,356,367,514,630],{},[75,254,255,350,353],{},[90,256,257,258],{},"Basic velocity ",[259,260,263],"span",{"className":261},[262],"katex",[259,264,268],{"className":265,"ariaHidden":267},[266],"katex-html","true",[259,269,272,277],{"className":270},[271],"base",[259,273],{"className":274,"style":276},[275],"strut","height:0.7167em;vertical-align:-0.2861em;",[259,278,281,287],{"className":279},[280],"mord",[259,282,286],{"className":283,"style":285},[280,284],"mathnormal","margin-right:0.0359em;","v",[259,288,291],{"className":289},[290],"msupsub",[259,292,296,341],{"className":293},[294,295],"vlist-t","vlist-t2",[259,297,300,336],{"className":298},[299],"vlist-r",[259,301,305],{"className":302,"style":304},[303],"vlist","height:0.3361em;",[259,306,308,313],{"style":307},"top:-2.55em;margin-left:-0.0359em;margin-right:0.05em;",[259,309],{"className":310,"style":312},[311],"pstrut","height:2.7em;",[259,314,320],{"className":315},[316,317,318,319],"sizing","reset-size6","size3","mtight",[259,321,323,327,332],{"className":322},[280,319],[259,324,326],{"className":325},[280,284,319],"b",[259,328,331],{"className":329},[330,319],"mpunct",",",[259,333,335],{"className":334},[280,319],"0",[259,337,340],{"className":338},[339],"vlist-s","​",[259,342,344],{"className":343},[299],[259,345,348],{"className":346,"style":347},[303],"height:0.2861em;",[259,349],{},[90,351,352],{},"25 m\u002Fs",[90,354,355],{},"Or pick a wind zone of the Czech national annex",[75,357,358,361,364],{},[90,359,360],{},"Terrain category",[90,362,363],{},"II",[90,365,366],{},"0, I, II, III or IV, each described",[75,368,369,509,512],{},[90,370,371,440,441],{},[259,372,374],{"className":373},[262],[259,375,377],{"className":376,"ariaHidden":267},[266],[259,378,380,384],{"className":379},[271],[259,381],{"className":382,"style":383},[275],"height:0.5806em;vertical-align:-0.15em;",[259,385,387,391],{"className":386},[280],[259,388,390],{"className":389},[280,284],"c",[259,392,394],{"className":393},[290],[259,395,397,431],{"className":396},[294,295],[259,398,400,428],{"className":399},[299],[259,401,403],{"className":402,"style":304},[303],[259,404,406,409],{"style":405},"top:-2.55em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;",[259,407],{"className":408,"style":312},[311],[259,410,412],{"className":411},[316,317,318,319],[259,413,415,419,423],{"className":414},[280,319],[259,416,418],{"className":417},[280,284,319],"d",[259,420,422],{"className":421},[280,284,319],"i",[259,424,427],{"className":425,"style":426},[280,284,319],"margin-right:0.0278em;","r",[259,429,340],{"className":430},[339],[259,432,434],{"className":433},[299],[259,435,438],{"className":436,"style":437},[303],"height:0.15em;",[259,439],{},", ",[259,442,444],{"className":443},[262],[259,445,447],{"className":446,"ariaHidden":267},[266],[259,448,450,453],{"className":449},[271],[259,451],{"className":452,"style":383},[275],[259,454,456,459],{"className":455},[280],[259,457,390],{"className":458},[280,284],[259,460,462],{"className":461},[290],[259,463,465,501],{"className":464},[294,295],[259,466,468,498],{"className":467},[299],[259,469,472],{"className":470,"style":471},[303],"height:0.1514em;",[259,473,474,477],{"style":405},[259,475],{"className":476,"style":312},[311],[259,478,480],{"className":479},[316,317,318,319],[259,481,483,487,490,494],{"className":482},[280,319],[259,484,486],{"className":485},[280,284,319],"se",[259,488,49],{"className":489},[280,284,319],[259,491,493],{"className":492},[280,284,319],"so",[259,495,497],{"className":496},[280,284,319],"n",[259,499,340],{"className":500},[339],[259,502,504],{"className":503},[299],[259,505,507],{"className":506,"style":437},[303],[259,508],{},[90,510,511],{},"1.0",[90,513],{},[75,515,516,572,574],{},[90,517,518,519],{},"Orography ",[259,520,522],{"className":521},[262],[259,523,525],{"className":524,"ariaHidden":267},[266],[259,526,528,531],{"className":527},[271],[259,529],{"className":530,"style":383},[275],[259,532,534,537],{"className":533},[280],[259,535,390],{"className":536},[280,284],[259,538,540],{"className":539},[290],[259,541,543,564],{"className":542},[294,295],[259,544,546,561],{"className":545},[299],[259,547,549],{"className":548,"style":471},[303],[259,550,551,554],{"style":405},[259,552],{"className":553,"style":312},[311],[259,555,557],{"className":556},[316,317,318,319],[259,558,560],{"className":559},[280,284,319],"o",[259,562,340],{"className":563},[339],[259,565,567],{"className":566},[299],[259,568,570],{"className":569,"style":437},[303],[259,571],{},[90,573,511],{},[90,575,576,577,629],{},"One value for the building; ",[259,578,580],{"className":579},[262],[259,581,583],{"className":582,"ariaHidden":267},[266],[259,584,586,589],{"className":585},[271],[259,587],{"className":588,"style":383},[275],[259,590,592,595],{"className":591},[280],[259,593,390],{"className":594},[280,284],[259,596,598],{"className":597},[290],[259,599,601,621],{"className":600},[294,295],[259,602,604,618],{"className":603},[299],[259,605,607],{"className":606,"style":471},[303],[259,608,609,612],{"style":405},[259,610],{"className":611,"style":312},[311],[259,613,615],{"className":614},[316,317,318,319],[259,616,560],{"className":617},[280,284,319],[259,619,340],{"className":620},[339],[259,622,624],{"className":623},[299],[259,625,627],{"className":626,"style":437},[303],[259,628],{}," varying with height is not modelled",[75,631,632,728,730],{},[90,633,634,635],{},"Structural factor ",[259,636,638],{"className":637},[262],[259,639,641],{"className":640,"ariaHidden":267},[266],[259,642,644,647,688],{"className":643},[271],[259,645],{"className":646,"style":383},[275],[259,648,650,653],{"className":649},[280],[259,651,390],{"className":652},[280,284],[259,654,656],{"className":655},[290],[259,657,659,680],{"className":658},[294,295],[259,660,662,677],{"className":661},[299],[259,663,665],{"className":664,"style":471},[303],[259,666,667,670],{"style":405},[259,668],{"className":669,"style":312},[311],[259,671,673],{"className":672},[316,317,318,319],[259,674,676],{"className":675},[280,284,319],"s",[259,678,340],{"className":679},[339],[259,681,683],{"className":682},[299],[259,684,686],{"className":685,"style":437},[303],[259,687],{},[259,689,691,694],{"className":690},[280],[259,692,390],{"className":693},[280,284],[259,695,697],{"className":696},[290],[259,698,700,720],{"className":699},[294,295],[259,701,703,717],{"className":702},[299],[259,704,706],{"className":705,"style":304},[303],[259,707,708,711],{"style":405},[259,709],{"className":710,"style":312},[311],[259,712,714],{"className":713},[316,317,318,319],[259,715,418],{"className":716},[280,284,319],[259,718,340],{"className":719},[339],[259,721,723],{"className":722},[299],[259,724,726],{"className":725,"style":437},[303],[259,727],{},[90,729,511],{},[90,731,732],{},"Applied to the external pressures",[11,734,735,736,753,754,440,806,860,861,927],{},"From those and the building height ",[259,737,739],{"className":738},[262],[259,740,742],{"className":741,"ariaHidden":267},[266],[259,743,745,749],{"className":744},[271],[259,746],{"className":747,"style":748},[275],"height:0.6944em;",[259,750,752],{"className":751},[280,284],"h",", measured from the lowest node to the top of the\nroof, the dialog shows ",[259,755,757],{"className":756},[262],[259,758,760],{"className":759,"ariaHidden":267},[266],[259,761,763,766],{"className":762},[271],[259,764],{"className":765,"style":383},[275],[259,767,769,772],{"className":768},[280],[259,770,286],{"className":771,"style":285},[280,284],[259,773,775],{"className":774},[290],[259,776,778,798],{"className":777},[294,295],[259,779,781,795],{"className":780},[299],[259,782,784],{"className":783,"style":304},[303],[259,785,786,789],{"style":307},[259,787],{"className":788,"style":312},[311],[259,790,792],{"className":791},[316,317,318,319],[259,793,326],{"className":794},[280,284,319],[259,796,340],{"className":797},[339],[259,799,801],{"className":800},[299],[259,802,804],{"className":803,"style":437},[303],[259,805],{},[259,807,809],{"className":808},[262],[259,810,812],{"className":811,"ariaHidden":267},[266],[259,813,815,819],{"className":814},[271],[259,816],{"className":817,"style":818},[275],"height:0.625em;vertical-align:-0.1944em;",[259,820,822,826],{"className":821},[280],[259,823,825],{"className":824,"style":285},[280,284],"q",[259,827,829],{"className":828},[290],[259,830,832,852],{"className":831},[294,295],[259,833,835,849],{"className":834},[299],[259,836,838],{"className":837,"style":304},[303],[259,839,840,843],{"style":307},[259,841],{"className":842,"style":312},[311],[259,844,846],{"className":845},[316,317,318,319],[259,847,326],{"className":848},[280,284,319],[259,850,340],{"className":851},[339],[259,853,855],{"className":854},[299],[259,856,858],{"className":857,"style":437},[303],[259,859],{}," and the peak velocity pressure ",[259,862,864],{"className":863},[262],[259,865,867],{"className":866,"ariaHidden":267},[266],[259,868,870,874,914,919,922],{"className":869},[271],[259,871],{"className":872,"style":873},[275],"height:1.0361em;vertical-align:-0.2861em;",[259,875,877,880],{"className":876},[280],[259,878,825],{"className":879,"style":285},[280,284],[259,881,883],{"className":882},[290],[259,884,886,906],{"className":885},[294,295],[259,887,889,903],{"className":888},[299],[259,890,892],{"className":891,"style":471},[303],[259,893,894,897],{"style":307},[259,895],{"className":896,"style":312},[311],[259,898,900],{"className":899},[316,317,318,319],[259,901,11],{"className":902},[280,284,319],[259,904,340],{"className":905},[339],[259,907,909],{"className":908},[299],[259,910,912],{"className":911,"style":347},[303],[259,913],{},[259,915,918],{"className":916},[917],"mopen","(",[259,920,752],{"className":921},[280,284],[259,923,926],{"className":924},[925],"mclose",")",".",[11,929,930],{},[18,931,932],{},"Cases to generate",[69,934,935,946],{},[72,936,937],{},[75,938,939,942,944],{},[78,940,941],{},"Option",[78,943,247],{},[78,945],{},[85,947,948,959,1033,1044],{},[75,949,950,953,956],{},[90,951,952],{},"Directions",[90,954,955],{},"+X, −X, +Y, −Y",[90,957,958],{},"Untick any",[75,960,961,1023,1026],{},[90,962,963,964],{},"Internal pressure ",[259,965,967],{"className":966},[262],[259,968,970],{"className":969,"ariaHidden":267},[266],[259,971,973,976],{"className":972},[271],[259,974],{"className":975,"style":276},[275],[259,977,979,982],{"className":978},[280],[259,980,390],{"className":981},[280,284],[259,983,985],{"className":984},[290],[259,986,988,1015],{"className":987},[294,295],[259,989,991,1012],{"className":990},[299],[259,992,995],{"className":993,"style":994},[303],"height:0.3117em;",[259,996,997,1000],{"style":405},[259,998],{"className":999,"style":312},[311],[259,1001,1003],{"className":1002},[316,317,318,319],[259,1004,1006,1009],{"className":1005},[280,319],[259,1007,11],{"className":1008},[280,284,319],[259,1010,422],{"className":1011},[280,284,319],[259,1013,340],{"className":1014},[339],[259,1016,1018],{"className":1017},[299],[259,1019,1021],{"className":1020,"style":347},[303],[259,1022],{},[90,1024,1025],{},"+0.2 and −0.3",[90,1027,1028,1029,1032],{},"Or ",[18,1030,1031],{},"From openings",", by opening area per face, to §7.2.9; none ticked means sealed",[75,1034,1035,1038,1041],{},[90,1036,1037],{},"D\u002FE correlation",[90,1039,1040],{},"Off",[90,1042,1043],{},"×0.85 on windward D and leeward E, §7.2.2(3)",[75,1045,1046,1049,1052],{},[90,1047,1048],{},"Loaded area",[90,1050,1051],{},"Structure, ≥ 10 m²",[90,1053,1054,1055,1122,1123,1126,1127,1192],{},"Reads ",[259,1056,1058],{"className":1057},[262],[259,1059,1061],{"className":1060,"ariaHidden":267},[266],[259,1062,1064,1067],{"className":1063},[271],[259,1065],{"className":1066,"style":276},[275],[259,1068,1070,1073],{"className":1069},[280],[259,1071,390],{"className":1072},[280,284],[259,1074,1076],{"className":1075},[290],[259,1077,1079,1114],{"className":1078},[294,295],[259,1080,1082,1111],{"className":1081},[299],[259,1083,1086],{"className":1084,"style":1085},[303],"height:0.3011em;",[259,1087,1088,1091],{"style":405},[259,1089],{"className":1090,"style":312},[311],[259,1092,1094],{"className":1093},[316,317,318,319],[259,1095,1097,1100,1104,1107],{"className":1096},[280,319],[259,1098,11],{"className":1099},[280,284,319],[259,1101,1103],{"className":1102},[280,284,319],"e",[259,1105,331],{"className":1106},[330,319],[259,1108,1110],{"className":1109},[280,319],"10",[259,1112,340],{"className":1113},[339],[259,1115,1117],{"className":1116},[299],[259,1118,1120],{"className":1119,"style":347},[303],[259,1121],{},"; ",[18,1124,1125],{},"Cladding"," reads ",[259,1128,1130],{"className":1129},[262],[259,1131,1133],{"className":1132,"ariaHidden":267},[266],[259,1134,1136,1139],{"className":1135},[271],[259,1137],{"className":1138,"style":276},[275],[259,1140,1142,1145],{"className":1141},[280],[259,1143,390],{"className":1144},[280,284],[259,1146,1148],{"className":1147},[290],[259,1149,1151,1184],{"className":1150},[294,295],[259,1152,1154,1181],{"className":1153},[299],[259,1155,1157],{"className":1156,"style":1085},[303],[259,1158,1159,1162],{"style":405},[259,1160],{"className":1161,"style":312},[311],[259,1163,1165],{"className":1164},[316,317,318,319],[259,1166,1168,1171,1174,1177],{"className":1167},[280,319],[259,1169,11],{"className":1170},[280,284,319],[259,1172,1103],{"className":1173},[280,284,319],[259,1175,331],{"className":1176},[330,319],[259,1178,1180],{"className":1179},[280,319],"1",[259,1182,340],{"className":1183},[339],[259,1185,1187],{"className":1186},[299],[259,1188,1190],{"className":1189,"style":347},[303],[259,1191],{},", with Fig. 7.2 between",[11,1194,1195,1196,1254,1255,1313,1314,1318],{},"Each ticked direction makes one case per ",[259,1197,1199],{"className":1198},[262],[259,1200,1202],{"className":1201,"ariaHidden":267},[266],[259,1203,1205,1208],{"className":1204},[271],[259,1206],{"className":1207,"style":276},[275],[259,1209,1211,1214],{"className":1210},[280],[259,1212,390],{"className":1213},[280,284],[259,1215,1217],{"className":1216},[290],[259,1218,1220,1246],{"className":1219},[294,295],[259,1221,1223,1243],{"className":1222},[299],[259,1224,1226],{"className":1225,"style":471},[303],[259,1227,1228,1231],{"style":405},[259,1229],{"className":1230,"style":312},[311],[259,1232,1234],{"className":1233},[316,317,318,319],[259,1235,1237,1240],{"className":1236},[280,319],[259,1238,11],{"className":1239},[280,284,319],[259,1241,1103],{"className":1242},[280,284,319],[259,1244,340],{"className":1245},[339],[259,1247,1249],{"className":1248},[299],[259,1250,1252],{"className":1251,"style":347},[303],[259,1253],{}," variant, where a table gives a pressure\nand a suction value, and per ",[259,1256,1258],{"className":1257},[262],[259,1259,1261],{"className":1260,"ariaHidden":267},[266],[259,1262,1264,1267],{"className":1263},[271],[259,1265],{"className":1266,"style":276},[275],[259,1268,1270,1273],{"className":1269},[280],[259,1271,390],{"className":1272},[280,284],[259,1274,1276],{"className":1275},[290],[259,1277,1279,1305],{"className":1278},[294,295],[259,1280,1282,1302],{"className":1281},[299],[259,1283,1285],{"className":1284,"style":994},[303],[259,1286,1287,1290],{"style":405},[259,1288],{"className":1289,"style":312},[311],[259,1291,1293],{"className":1292},[316,317,318,319],[259,1294,1296,1299],{"className":1295},[280,319],[259,1297,11],{"className":1298},[280,284,319],[259,1300,422],{"className":1301},[280,284,319],[259,1303,340],{"className":1304},[339],[259,1306,1308],{"className":1307},[299],[259,1309,1311],{"className":1310,"style":347},[303],[259,1312],{},". A case name says which: ",[1315,1316,1317],"em",{},"Wind +X · roof − · cpi\n+0.2",". Wall zones are A–E; roof zones F–J, and K–N on a hipped roof.",[39,1320,1322],{"id":1321},"snow-to-en-1991-1-3","Snow to EN 1991-1-3",[69,1324,1325,1335],{},[72,1326,1327],{},[75,1328,1329,1331,1333],{},[78,1330,244],{},[78,1332,247],{},[78,1334,250],{},[85,1336,1337,1402,1469,1532,1543],{},[75,1338,1339,1396,1399],{},[90,1340,1341,1342],{},"Ground snow load ",[259,1343,1345],{"className":1344},[262],[259,1346,1348],{"className":1347,"ariaHidden":267},[266],[259,1349,1351,1354],{"className":1350},[271],[259,1352],{"className":1353,"style":383},[275],[259,1355,1357,1360],{"className":1356},[280],[259,1358,676],{"className":1359},[280,284],[259,1361,1363],{"className":1362},[290],[259,1364,1366,1388],{"className":1365},[294,295],[259,1367,1369,1385],{"className":1368},[299],[259,1370,1372],{"className":1371,"style":304},[303],[259,1373,1374,1377],{"style":405},[259,1375],{"className":1376,"style":312},[311],[259,1378,1380],{"className":1379},[316,317,318,319],[259,1381,1384],{"className":1382,"style":1383},[280,284,319],"margin-right:0.0315em;","k",[259,1386,340],{"className":1387},[339],[259,1389,1391],{"className":1390},[299],[259,1392,1394],{"className":1393,"style":437},[303],[259,1395],{},[90,1397,1398],{},"1.0 kN\u002Fm²",[90,1400,1401],{},"Or pick a snow zone of the Czech national annex",[75,1403,1404,1463,1466],{},[90,1405,1406,1407],{},"Exposure ",[259,1408,1410],{"className":1409},[262],[259,1411,1413],{"className":1412,"ariaHidden":267},[266],[259,1414,1416,1420],{"className":1415},[271],[259,1417],{"className":1418,"style":1419},[275],"height:0.8333em;vertical-align:-0.15em;",[259,1421,1423,1428],{"className":1422},[280],[259,1424,1427],{"className":1425,"style":1426},[280,284],"margin-right:0.0715em;","C",[259,1429,1431],{"className":1430},[290],[259,1432,1434,1455],{"className":1433},[294,295],[259,1435,1437,1452],{"className":1436},[299],[259,1438,1440],{"className":1439,"style":471},[303],[259,1441,1443,1446],{"style":1442},"top:-2.55em;margin-left:-0.0715em;margin-right:0.05em;",[259,1444],{"className":1445,"style":312},[311],[259,1447,1449],{"className":1448},[316,317,318,319],[259,1450,1103],{"className":1451},[280,284,319],[259,1453,340],{"className":1454},[339],[259,1456,1458],{"className":1457},[299],[259,1459,1461],{"className":1460,"style":437},[303],[259,1462],{},[90,1464,1465],{},"Normal, 1.0",[90,1467,1468],{},"Windswept 0.8, Sheltered 1.2",[75,1470,1471,1528,1530],{},[90,1472,1473,1474],{},"Thermal ",[259,1475,1477],{"className":1476},[262],[259,1478,1480],{"className":1479,"ariaHidden":267},[266],[259,1481,1483,1486],{"className":1482},[271],[259,1484],{"className":1485,"style":1419},[275],[259,1487,1489,1492],{"className":1488},[280],[259,1490,1427],{"className":1491,"style":1426},[280,284],[259,1493,1495],{"className":1494},[290],[259,1496,1498,1520],{"className":1497},[294,295],[259,1499,1501,1517],{"className":1500},[299],[259,1502,1505],{"className":1503,"style":1504},[303],"height:0.2806em;",[259,1506,1507,1510],{"style":1442},[259,1508],{"className":1509,"style":312},[311],[259,1511,1513],{"className":1512},[316,317,318,319],[259,1514,1516],{"className":1515},[280,284,319],"t",[259,1518,340],{"className":1519},[339],[259,1521,1523],{"className":1522},[299],[259,1524,1526],{"className":1525,"style":437},[303],[259,1527],{},[90,1529,511],{},[90,1531],{},[75,1533,1534,1537,1540],{},[90,1535,1536],{},"Altitude",[90,1538,1539],{},"300 m",[90,1541,1542],{},"Above 1000 m the cases join the higher-ψ snow category",[75,1544,1545,1548,1550],{},[90,1546,1547],{},"Eaves",[90,1549,1040],{},[90,1551,1552],{},"Snow guards or a parapet: μ₁ is not reduced below 0.8, §5.3.2(2)",[11,1554,1555,1556,1590],{},"μ is computed from the pitch, not typed. Snow acts along gravity per square metre of\nplan, so a sloping panel carries ",[259,1557,1559],{"className":1558},[262],[259,1560,1562],{"className":1561,"ariaHidden":267},[266],[259,1563,1565,1569,1572,1577,1582,1585],{"className":1564},[271],[259,1566],{"className":1567,"style":1568},[275],"height:0.4306em;",[259,1570,676],{"className":1571},[280,284],[259,1573],{"className":1574,"style":1576},[1575],"mspace","margin-right:0.1667em;",[259,1578,1581],{"className":1579},[1580],"mop","cos",[259,1583],{"className":1584,"style":1576},[1575],[259,1586,1589],{"className":1587,"style":1588},[280,284],"margin-right:0.0037em;","α"," per square metre of its own area.",[39,1592,1594],{"id":1593},"national-annexes","National annexes",[11,1596,1597,1598,927],{},"The values built in are the Czech annex's: wind zones I–V and snow zones I–VII of ČSN EN\n1991-1-4\u002FNA and ČSN EN 1991-1-3\u002FNA. Picking a zone fills in the value, which stays\neditable. Everywhere else the generators use the CEN recommended values, and the site\nvalues are yours to enter from your annex's maps. There is no map lookup by location. See\n",[49,1599,1594],{"href":1600},"\u002Fkb\u002Fdesign-checks\u002Fnational-annexes",[39,1602,1604],{"id":1603},"what-they-produce","What they produce",[11,1606,1607,1608,1611,1612,1616],{},"Load cases, all in the generator's own load group, which is ",[18,1609,1610],{},"exclusive",": at most one of\nits cases acts in a combination, which is what the code intends for the wind directions\nand the snow arrangements. The group is classed as wind or snow, so the\n",[49,1613,1615],{"href":1614},"\u002Fkb\u002Floads\u002Fcombinations","combination generator"," reads the right ψ factors.",[11,1618,1619],{},"When you create the cases, the dialog offers to add them to existing combinations, at\nγ_Q (1.5 at ULS, 1.0 at SLS), editable afterwards. Generating EN 1990 combinations from\nscratch is the combination generator's job, on Pro.",[11,1621,1622,1625,1626,1629,1630,1633],{},[18,1623,1624],{},"The cases stay live."," A generator stores its inputs and the panels it loads, never the\nloads. They are worked out from the current geometry, so moving a node re-zones the walls\nand re-loads the roof. Geometry never adds or removes a case by itself. If a change means\nthe envelope would produce different cases, the dialog says so and ",[18,1627,1628],{},"Update cases","\napplies it. Editing a generator collects changes until you ",[18,1631,1632],{},"Apply"," them, with a preview\nof the cases added, reused and deleted. Case ids are reused, so combinations and pinned\nresults keep pointing where they did.",[11,1635,1636,1637,1640],{},"Generated loads cannot be edited one by one; change the generator. ",[18,1638,1639],{},"Delete"," removes it\nwith its cases.",[39,1642,1644],{"id":1643},"in-the-report","In the report",[11,1646,1647,1648,1651,1652,1704,1705,33,1763,1818,1819,1834],{},"The report's ",[18,1649,1650],{},"Wind & snow"," section sets out the site and the ",[259,1653,1655],{"className":1654},[262],[259,1656,1658],{"className":1657,"ariaHidden":267},[266],[259,1659,1661,1664],{"className":1660},[271],[259,1662],{"className":1663,"style":276},[275],[259,1665,1667,1670],{"className":1666},[280],[259,1668,825],{"className":1669,"style":285},[280,284],[259,1671,1673],{"className":1672},[290],[259,1674,1676,1696],{"className":1675},[294,295],[259,1677,1679,1693],{"className":1678},[299],[259,1680,1682],{"className":1681,"style":471},[303],[259,1683,1684,1687],{"style":307},[259,1685],{"className":1686,"style":312},[311],[259,1688,1690],{"className":1689},[316,317,318,319],[259,1691,11],{"className":1692},[280,284,319],[259,1694,340],{"className":1695},[339],[259,1697,1699],{"className":1698},[299],[259,1700,1702],{"className":1701,"style":347},[303],[259,1703],{}," derivation,\n",[259,1706,1708],{"className":1707},[262],[259,1709,1711],{"className":1710,"ariaHidden":267},[266],[259,1712,1714,1717],{"className":1713},[271],[259,1715],{"className":1716,"style":276},[275],[259,1718,1720,1723],{"className":1719},[280],[259,1721,390],{"className":1722},[280,284],[259,1724,1726],{"className":1725},[290],[259,1727,1729,1755],{"className":1728},[294,295],[259,1730,1732,1752],{"className":1731},[299],[259,1733,1735],{"className":1734,"style":471},[303],[259,1736,1737,1740],{"style":405},[259,1738],{"className":1739,"style":312},[311],[259,1741,1743],{"className":1742},[316,317,318,319],[259,1744,1746,1749],{"className":1745},[280,319],[259,1747,11],{"className":1748},[280,284,319],[259,1750,1103],{"className":1751},[280,284,319],[259,1753,340],{"className":1754},[339],[259,1756,1758],{"className":1757},[299],[259,1759,1761],{"className":1760,"style":347},[303],[259,1762],{},[259,1764,1766],{"className":1765},[262],[259,1767,1769],{"className":1768,"ariaHidden":267},[266],[259,1770,1772,1775],{"className":1771},[271],[259,1773],{"className":1774,"style":383},[275],[259,1776,1778,1783],{"className":1777},[280],[259,1779,1782],{"className":1780,"style":1781},[280,284],"margin-right:0.0269em;","w",[259,1784,1786],{"className":1785},[290],[259,1787,1789,1810],{"className":1788},[294,295],[259,1790,1792,1807],{"className":1791},[299],[259,1793,1795],{"className":1794,"style":471},[303],[259,1796,1798,1801],{"style":1797},"top:-2.55em;margin-left:-0.0269em;margin-right:0.05em;",[259,1799],{"className":1800,"style":312},[311],[259,1802,1804],{"className":1803},[316,317,318,319],[259,1805,1103],{"className":1806},[280,284,319],[259,1808,340],{"className":1809},[339],[259,1811,1813],{"className":1812},[299],[259,1814,1816],{"className":1815,"style":437},[303],[259,1817],{}," per zone and direction, or μ and ",[259,1820,1822],{"className":1821},[262],[259,1823,1825],{"className":1824,"ariaHidden":267},[266],[259,1826,1828,1831],{"className":1827},[271],[259,1829],{"className":1830,"style":1568},[275],[259,1832,676],{"className":1833},[280,284]," per arrangement, the envelope as\nrecognised, every note, and the cases generated, so a checker can follow each pressure\nback to its clause. It is in the free summary preset too.",[39,1836,1838],{"id":1837},"where-they-stop","Where they stop",[1840,1841,1842,1846,1849,1852,1855],"ul",{},[1843,1844,1845],"li",{},"Orthogonal wind directions and axis-aligned rectangular plans only.",[1843,1847,1848],{},"No friction, no parapets, canopies, free-standing walls or open buildings. A building more\nthan 30 % open on two faces gets a note, not the open-building coefficients.",[1843,1850,1851],{},"No drift against obstacles or parapets (§6.2), no drift from a taller adjacent building,\nand no exceptional snow (Annexes A and B).",[1843,1853,1854],{},"A dominant opening in the roof is noted; check it by hand.",[1843,1856,1857,1858,1919],{},"Site inputs (",[259,1859,1861],{"className":1860},[262],[259,1862,1864],{"className":1863,"ariaHidden":267},[266],[259,1865,1867,1870],{"className":1866},[271],[259,1868],{"className":1869,"style":276},[275],[259,1871,1873,1876],{"className":1872},[280],[259,1874,286],{"className":1875,"style":285},[280,284],[259,1877,1879],{"className":1878},[290],[259,1880,1882,1911],{"className":1881},[294,295],[259,1883,1885,1908],{"className":1884},[299],[259,1886,1888],{"className":1887,"style":304},[303],[259,1889,1890,1893],{"style":307},[259,1891],{"className":1892,"style":312},[311],[259,1894,1896],{"className":1895},[316,317,318,319],[259,1897,1899,1902,1905],{"className":1898},[280,319],[259,1900,326],{"className":1901},[280,284,319],[259,1903,331],{"className":1904},[330,319],[259,1906,335],{"className":1907},[280,319],[259,1909,340],{"className":1910},[339],[259,1912,1914],{"className":1913},[299],[259,1915,1917],{"className":1916,"style":347},[303],[259,1918],{},", altitude, opening areas) are entered in metric units whatever the\nproject's units. Pressures and forces follow the project.",[11,1921,1922],{},"The generators were checked against published worked examples, duopitch, hipped and\nmulti-span halls and a portal frame, before they shipped. They are still a convenience,\nnot an authority. Read the zone table and the notes before you trust the cases, the way\nyou would check anyone else's wind calculation.",{"title":1924,"searchDepth":1925,"depth":1925,"links":1926},"",2,[1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934],{"id":41,"depth":1925,"text":42},{"id":129,"depth":1925,"text":130},{"id":229,"depth":1925,"text":230},{"id":1321,"depth":1925,"text":1322},{"id":1593,"depth":1925,"text":1594},{"id":1603,"depth":1925,"text":1604},{"id":1643,"depth":1925,"text":1644},{"id":1837,"depth":1925,"text":1838},"Wind to EN 1991-1-4 and snow to EN 1991-1-3, generated on a building envelope — site inputs, recognised roof shapes, the cases produced, and the limits.","md",false,{},true,null,7,"\u002Fkb\u002Floads\u002Fwind-and-snow",{"title":6,"description":1935},{"loc":1942},"kb\u002Floads\u002Fwind-and-snow","CRpRrhZ0KHuLMGEYD4l1yq90lt2Ts4sDmvALBv7q5-w",{"sections":1948,"extras":2255,"flat":2268},[1949,1984,2027,2046,2076,2107,2132,2163,2190,2217,2232],{"path":1950,"slug":1951,"title":1952,"description":1953,"icon":1954,"articles":1955},"\u002Fkb\u002Fgetting-started","getting-started","Getting started","From an empty tab to a solved, checked structure — the three guides that get you productive in Elementarium.","lucide:rocket",[1956,1960,1964,1968,1972,1976,1980],{"path":1957,"title":1958,"description":1959,"translated":1939},"\u002Fkb\u002Fgetting-started\u002Fkeyboard-shortcuts","Keyboard shortcuts","Every key binding in the workspace, the pointer gestures in the viewports, what the number fields accept, and what the command palette understands.",{"path":1961,"title":1962,"description":1963,"translated":1939},"\u002Fkb\u002Fgetting-started\u002Fquickstart","Quickstart","Build a portal frame, load it, solve it and read the bending moment diagram — about ten minutes from an empty tab.",{"path":1965,"title":1966,"description":1967,"translated":1939},"\u002Fkb\u002Fgetting-started\u002Fscope-and-limits","Scope and limits","What Elementarium models, solves and checks today, and what it does not — on one page, before you commit a job to it.",{"path":1969,"title":1970,"description":1971,"translated":1939},"\u002Fkb\u002Fgetting-started\u002Fsystem-requirements","System requirements","Which browsers and devices run Elementarium, how threading affects solve speed, and where the practical ceiling on model size comes from.",{"path":1973,"title":1974,"description":1975,"translated":1939},"\u002Fkb\u002Fgetting-started\u002Finterface-tour","Tour of the workspace","The ribbon, properties panel, dockable viewports, table dock, command palette and status bar — what each part of the editor is for.",{"path":1977,"title":1978,"description":1979,"translated":1939},"\u002Fkb\u002Fgetting-started\u002Funits","Units","How units work in Elementarium — SI inside, your unit system on screen — and the handful of conversions that cause most wrong answers in structural models.",{"path":1981,"title":1982,"description":1983,"translated":1939},"\u002Fkb\u002Fgetting-started\u002Ffirst-analysis","Your first analysis","Load cases, combinations and a linear static solve — then how to decide whether the answer is trustworthy.",{"path":1985,"slug":1986,"title":1987,"description":1988,"icon":1989,"articles":1990},"\u002Fkb\u002Fmodeling","modeling","Modeling","Bars, beams, 3D frames, slabs and walls. Geometry, sections, supports and releases that behave like the real structure.","lucide:frame",[1991,1995,1999,2003,2007,2011,2015,2019,2023],{"path":1992,"title":1993,"description":1994,"translated":1939},"\u002Fkb\u002Fmodeling\u002Fbars-beams-and-trusses","Bars, beams and trusses","When a member should be a bar and when a beam, how to model trusses and bracing, and what to do about members that only work in tension.",{"path":1996,"title":1997,"description":1998,"translated":1939},"\u002Fkb\u002Fmodeling\u002Fdrawings-and-snapping","Drawings & snapping","Importing a DXF as a reference underlay, choosing its units and plane, and snapping model geometry onto it accurately.",{"path":2000,"title":2001,"description":2002,"translated":1939},"\u002Fkb\u002Fmodeling\u002Felastic-foundations","Elastic foundations","Grade beams, strip footings and walls on ground as line supports on springs — choosing a subgrade modulus, and where the model stops being true.",{"path":2004,"title":2005,"description":2006,"translated":1939},"\u002Fkb\u002Fmodeling\u002Fplane-frames-in-3d","Plane frames in a 3D solver","When to use the 2D Frame and 2D Truss model types, why a flat structure in a 3D model is a mechanism, and how to restrain it.",{"path":2008,"title":2009,"description":2010,"translated":1939},"\u002Fkb\u002Fmodeling\u002Fsections-and-materials","Sections & materials","What a section and a material contribute to the stiffness matrix and the design checks, and the values worth checking twice.",{"path":2012,"title":2013,"description":2014,"translated":1939},"\u002Fkb\u002Fmodeling\u002Fsurfaces","Slabs, walls and shells","Modelling surfaces in Elementarium — outlines, openings and thickness, how a beam or a wall attaches to a slab, local axes, and what a surface result means.",{"path":2016,"title":2017,"description":2018,"translated":1939},"\u002Fkb\u002Fmodeling\u002Fstructure-generators","Structure generators","Thirty-five parametric structures — trusses, frames, arches, towers, domes and shells — generated from a few dimensions, with supports and loads.",{"path":2020,"title":2021,"description":2022,"translated":1939},"\u002Fkb\u002Fmodeling\u002Fsupports-and-releases","Supports & releases","Pins, fixities, springs and end releases — what each one does to the stiffness matrix, and when each is right.",{"path":2024,"title":2025,"description":2026,"translated":1939},"\u002Fkb\u002Fmodeling\u002Ffirst-model","Your first model","The modeling loop end to end — geometry, sections, supports and releases — on a structure small enough to check by hand.",{"path":2028,"slug":2029,"title":2030,"description":2031,"icon":2032,"articles":2033},"\u002Fkb\u002Fmeshing","meshing","Meshing","Mesh density, local refinement and the quality checks that tell you when a mesh is fine enough to trust.","lucide:grid-3x3",[2034,2038,2042],{"path":2035,"title":2036,"description":2037,"translated":1939},"\u002Fkb\u002Fmeshing\u002Felement-size","Choosing element size","Starting mesh densities for slabs, walls and rafts, and the convergence test that decides whether a mesh is fine enough.",{"path":2039,"title":2040,"description":2041,"translated":1939},"\u002Fkb\u002Fmeshing\u002Frefinement","Local refinement","Where to spend elements, where not to bother, and how to refine without wrecking element shape.",{"path":2043,"title":2044,"description":2045,"translated":1939},"\u002Fkb\u002Fmeshing\u002Fquality-checks","Mesh quality","Aspect ratio, skew and warping — what degrades a result, what the mesher reports, and how to tell whether the elements you are worried about matter.",{"path":2047,"slug":2048,"title":2049,"description":2050,"icon":2051,"articles":2052},"\u002Fkb\u002Floads","loads","Loads & combinations","Build load cases, generate code combinations automatically and find out which one actually governs.","lucide:arrow-down-to-line",[2053,2057,2060,2064,2068,2071,2075],{"path":2054,"title":2055,"description":2056,"translated":1939},"\u002Fkb\u002Floads\u002Fasce-7-combinations","ASCE 7 combinations","LRFD and ASD combinations to ASCE 7-22 — how the generator maps your load groups onto D, L, Lr, S, W and E, and pairing them with the AISC check.",{"path":1614,"title":2058,"description":2059,"translated":1939},"Automatic combinations","Generating EN 1990 and ASCE 7 combinations, understanding the equations behind them, and reading the generated set critically.",{"path":2061,"title":2062,"description":2063,"translated":1939},"\u002Fkb\u002Floads\u002Fenvelopes","Envelopes","Extracting the governing value across dozens of combinations without reading every one — and the traps in doing so.",{"path":2065,"title":2066,"description":2067,"translated":1939},"\u002Fkb\u002Floads\u002Fload-cases","Load cases","Actions, self-weight, imposed loads and load arrangements — how to build cases that stay separable.",{"path":51,"title":2069,"description":2070,"translated":1939},"Load panels","Areas that hand a floor, roof or wall pressure to the members around them as line loads, one way or two way, without meshing a slab.",{"path":2072,"title":2073,"description":2074,"translated":1939},"\u002Fkb\u002Floads\u002Ftemperature-loads","Temperature loads","Uniform temperature change and through-depth gradients — what each does to a free and a restrained structure, and the coefficients to use.",{"path":1942,"title":6,"description":1935,"translated":1939},{"path":2077,"slug":2078,"title":2079,"description":2080,"icon":2081,"articles":2082},"\u002Fkb\u002Fanalysis","analysis","Analysis types","Linear static, modal, linear buckling and second-order — what each analysis assumes, what it returns and how to read the result.","lucide:activity",[2083,2087,2091,2095,2099,2103],{"path":2084,"title":2085,"description":2086,"translated":1939},"\u002Fkb\u002Fanalysis\u002Fsolvers","Choosing a linear solver","Conjugate gradients with Jacobi, incomplete Cholesky or multigrid, or a direct factorisation — what each does, how to watch it, and when the choice matters.",{"path":2088,"title":2089,"description":2090,"translated":1939},"\u002Fkb\u002Fanalysis\u002Fbuckling","Linear buckling","Critical load factors and buckling shapes — what α_cr means, why it is an upper bound, and how to use it for second-order effects.",{"path":2092,"title":2093,"description":2094,"translated":1939},"\u002Fkb\u002Fanalysis\u002Flinear-static","Linear static analysis","The workhorse analysis — what K u = f actually assumes, what it returns, and where linearity stops being a reasonable model.",{"path":2096,"title":2097,"description":2098,"translated":1939},"\u002Fkb\u002Fanalysis\u002Fmodal","Modal analysis","Natural frequencies and mode shapes — mass modelling, participation factors and what the numbers are good for.",{"path":2100,"title":2101,"description":2102,"translated":1939},"\u002Fkb\u002Fanalysis\u002Fsecond-order","Second-order analysis","P-Δ and P-δ solved by iteration, geometric imperfections to EN 1993-1-1 §5.3, and why a second-order result cannot be superposed.",{"path":2104,"title":2105,"description":2106,"translated":1939},"\u002Fkb\u002Fanalysis\u002Fverification","Verifying the solver","Closed-form cases you can build in ten minutes to test the solver — beams, frames, columns, plates, frequencies — with the expected error of each.",{"path":2108,"slug":2109,"title":2110,"description":2111,"icon":2112,"articles":2113},"\u002Fkb\u002Fdesign-checks","design-checks","Design checks","Utilisation ratios, governing cases and the clause behind every number a check reports.","lucide:clipboard-check",[2114,2116,2120,2124,2128],{"path":1600,"title":1594,"description":2115,"translated":1939},"Where nationally determined parameters change the answer, how to select the right annex, and what to state in the report.",{"path":2117,"title":2118,"description":2119,"translated":1939},"\u002Fkb\u002Fdesign-checks\u002Fsection-classification","Section classification","How EN 1993-1-1 Table 5.2 classifies a steel section, why the class depends on the combination, and what the check does with shapes it cannot classify.",{"path":2121,"title":2122,"description":2123,"translated":1939},"\u002Fkb\u002Fdesign-checks\u002Fserviceability","Serviceability checks","Deflection, drift and floor frequency checked member by member at SLS, to the national annexes, EN 1990:2023, IBC, AISC or EN 1995-1-1.",{"path":2125,"title":2126,"description":2127,"translated":1939},"\u002Fkb\u002Fdesign-checks\u002Faisc","Steel — AISC 360","Member strength to Chapters D to H, LRFD or ASD — compression buckling, lateral-torsional buckling and every C_b option written down.",{"path":2129,"title":2130,"description":2131,"translated":1939},"\u002Fkb\u002Fdesign-checks\u002Fsteel","Steel — EN 1993-1-1","Member resistance to §6.2 and §6.3 — what is checked at every station, where buckling lengths come from, and the clauses left to you.",{"path":2133,"slug":2134,"title":2135,"description":2136,"icon":2137,"articles":2138},"\u002Fkb\u002Freports","reports","Results & reports","Diagrams, contours and tables in the viewport, and the calculation package you hand to a reviewer.","lucide:file-chart-column",[2139,2143,2147,2151,2155,2159],{"path":2140,"title":2141,"description":2142,"translated":1939},"\u002Fkb\u002Freports\u002Fexporting","Exporting a report","Assembling a calculation package a reviewer can follow — inputs, model, results and checks, in the order a calc package should be.",{"path":2144,"title":2145,"description":2146,"translated":1939},"\u002Fkb\u002Freports\u002Fifc","IFC structural models","The IFC structural analysis view in and out — what IFC2X3, IFC4 and IFC4X3 files bring, what an export carries, and what IFC cannot say.",{"path":2148,"title":2149,"description":2150,"translated":1939},"\u002Fkb\u002Freports\u002Fexchange","Import & export formats","IFC structural models and SAF workbooks in and out, DXF as a reference drawing, result tables as CSV or xlsx, and an OOFEM input deck.",{"path":2152,"title":2153,"description":2154,"translated":1939},"\u002Fkb\u002Freports\u002Freading-diagrams","Reading diagrams","Bending, shear and axial diagrams, contour plots and deformed shapes — the conventions behind what you are looking at.",{"path":2156,"title":2157,"description":2158,"translated":1939},"\u002Fkb\u002Freports\u002Fresult-tables","Result tables","Filtering, sorting and extracting numbers — getting the value you need out of a solved model without scrolling.",{"path":2160,"title":2161,"description":2162,"translated":1939},"\u002Fkb\u002Freports\u002Freviewing","Reviewing a calculation","For the checking engineer — how to interrogate a model you did not build, what the report guarantees, and the questions to ask first.",{"path":2164,"slug":2165,"title":2166,"description":2167,"icon":2168,"articles":2169},"\u002Fkb\u002Fcollaboration","collaboration","Collaboration & sync","Shared models, real-time editing, and offline edits that merge cleanly when you reconnect.","lucide:users-round",[2170,2174,2178,2182,2186],{"path":2171,"title":2172,"description":2173,"translated":1939},"\u002Fkb\u002Fcollaboration\u002Fcomments","Comments","Threads pinned to nodes, members, plates or points, @mentions, blocking comments that hold up a report, and the notifications they send.",{"path":2175,"title":2176,"description":2177,"translated":1939},"\u002Fkb\u002Fcollaboration\u002Fsharing-projects","Sharing a project","Inviting people to a model, what each role can do, and how to coordinate two engineers in the same structure.",{"path":2179,"title":2180,"description":2181,"translated":1939},"\u002Fkb\u002Fcollaboration\u002Fversion-history","Version history","Automatic checkpoints and named versions — how long they are kept, previewing an earlier state, and restoring it in place or as a new project.",{"path":2183,"title":2184,"description":2185,"translated":1939},"\u002Fkb\u002Fcollaboration\u002Fdevices","Working across devices","One account on every device — how a project follows you from desk to laptop, tablet or phone, and what changes on a small screen.",{"path":2187,"title":2188,"description":2189,"translated":1939},"\u002Fkb\u002Fcollaboration\u002Fworking-offline","Working offline","What keeps working with no connection, what does not, and how offline edits merge when you come back.",{"path":2191,"slug":2192,"title":2193,"description":2194,"icon":2195,"articles":2196},"\u002Fkb\u002Ftheory","theory","Theory notes","The mechanics inside the solver — element formulations, sign conventions, numerical assumptions and their limits.","lucide:sigma",[2197,2201,2205,2209,2213],{"path":2198,"title":2199,"description":2200,"translated":1939},"\u002Fkb\u002Ftheory\u002Felement-formulations","Element formulations","Degrees of freedom, interpolation and limits for every element type in the solver — what each one can represent and what it cannot.",{"path":2202,"title":2203,"description":2204,"translated":1939},"\u002Fkb\u002Ftheory\u002Fglossary","Glossary","Finite element and structural terms as Elementarium uses them, from degrees of freedom to MITC4 and utilisation, each linked to its page.",{"path":2206,"title":2207,"description":2208,"translated":1939},"\u002Fkb\u002Ftheory\u002Fsign-conventions","Sign conventions","Axes, positive directions and how to read a diagram without guessing — the page that prevents most result confusion.",{"path":2210,"title":2211,"description":2212,"translated":1939},"\u002Fkb\u002Ftheory\u002Fdirect-stiffness-method","The direct stiffness 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what happens to projects, reports and history when a subscription ends.",{"path":2248,"title":2249,"description":2250,"translated":1939},"\u002Fkb\u002Faccount\u002Fplans","Plans & limits","What the free plan includes, what Pro adds, and how the caps are actually measured.",{"path":2252,"title":2253,"description":2254,"translated":1939},"\u002Fkb\u002Faccount\u002Fstudent","Student accounts","A larger free tier for students and researchers — verify an academic email address, what it unlocks, and why it is re-confirmed every year.",[2256,2260,2264],{"path":2257,"title":2258,"description":2259,"translated":1939},"\u002Fkb\u002Ffaq","Frequently asked questions","The questions engineers ask before they trust a new finite element package — answered directly.",{"path":2261,"title":2262,"description":2263,"translated":1939},"\u002Fkb\u002Frelease-notes","Release notes","What shipped in the tab, and what it changes in your 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