[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":563},["ShallowReactive",2],{"kb-en-\u002Fkb\u002Floads\u002Fload-panels":3,"kb-nav-en":170},{"page":4,"fallback":160},{"id":5,"title":6,"body":7,"description":158,"extension":159,"faq":160,"meta":161,"navigation":162,"ogImage":163,"order":164,"path":165,"raw":160,"robots":163,"schemaOrg":163,"seo":166,"sitemap":167,"stem":168,"__hash__":169},"content_en\u002Fkb\u002Floads\u002Fload-panels.md","Load panels",{"type":8,"value":9,"toc":151},"minimark",[10,19,24,34,37,83,87,98,109,112,116,143],[11,12,13,14,18],"p",{},"A floor finish of 1.5 kN\u002Fm² has to reach the beams somehow. The two old ways are to work\nout each beam's line load by hand, and redo it whenever a beam moves, or to model the slab\nas a plate and solve a shell mesh to answer a question about beams. A ",[15,16,17],"strong",{},"load panel"," is\nthe third: an area drawn over the frame that carries pressure in any number of load\ncases and hands it to the members around it. It has no stiffness, is never meshed and\nadds nothing to the solve.",[20,21,23],"h2",{"id":22},"drawing-one","Drawing one",[11,25,26,29,30,33],{},[15,27,28],{},"Loads › Generators › Load panel"," opens ",[15,31,32],{},"Add load panel",". Click the panel's corners in\norder and press Enter to close the outline. Like a plate, a panel can have openings.\nThe dialog says which members the panel will deliver to before you create it.",[11,35,36],{},"A member carries the panel when it lies in the panel's plane, within 5°, and runs along\nor inside its outline. That is what leaves the columns out: they cross the plane rather\nthan lying in it. If no member qualifies, the panel says the load would go nowhere.",[38,39,40,55],"table",{},[41,42,43],"thead",{},[44,45,46,52],"tr",{},[47,48,49],"th",{},[15,50,51],{},"Spans",[47,53,54],{},"How the pressure is shared",[56,57,58,69],"tbody",{},[44,59,60,66],{},[61,62,63],"td",{},[15,64,65],{},"Two way",[61,67,68],{},"Every point goes to its nearest beam: the 45° rule, trapezoids on the long sides and triangles on the short",[44,70,71,76],{},[61,72,73],{},[15,74,75],{},"One way",[61,77,78,79,82],{},"Strips run along the ",[15,80,81],{},"span direction",", a global axis projected onto the panel, and the beams they land on carry everything; beams parallel to the strips carry nothing",[20,84,86],{"id":85},"loading-it","Loading it",[11,88,89,90,93,94,97],{},"A panel takes ",[15,91,92],{},"surface loads"," like a plate does: from the load editor, the properties\npanel or the load table, a different pressure in each case. The properties panel shows\nthe panel's area, the members it delivers to, the ",[15,95,96],{},"total delivered",", and any part of the\narea that reaches no member.",[99,100,102],"callout",{"type":101},"check",[11,103,104,105,108],{},"Compare ",[15,106,107],{},"Total delivered"," with pressure × area. A shortfall means part of the panel has\nno beam under it, and that load is not in the model.",[11,110,111],{},"The member loads are worked out at solve time from the panel's current geometry, never\nstored, so moving a beam or a corner redistributes the load without anything to update.",[20,113,115],{"id":114},"where-panels-matter","Where panels matter",[117,118,119,126,132],"ul",{},[120,121,122,125],"li",{},[15,123,124],{},"Floors and roofs on a frame",", where the slab is not part of the analysis.",[120,127,128,131],{},[15,129,130],{},"Cladding",": wind on a wall of girts and columns.",[120,133,134,142],{},[15,135,136,137],{},"The ",[138,139,141],"a",{"href":140},"\u002Fkb\u002Floads\u002Fwind-and-snow","wind and snow generators",", which put their zoned\npressures on load panels and plates. The envelope they recognise is the panels you drew.",[11,144,145,146,150],{},"Panels export to IFC as the member loads they produce, which another program can read, and\ncome back as panels when the file returns to Elementarium; see\n",[138,147,149],{"href":148},"\u002Fkb\u002Freports\u002Fifc","IFC structural models",".",{"title":152,"searchDepth":153,"depth":153,"links":154},"",2,[155,156,157],{"id":22,"depth":153,"text":23},{"id":85,"depth":153,"text":86},{"id":114,"depth":153,"text":115},"Areas that hand a floor, roof or wall pressure to the members around them as line loads, one way or two way, without meshing a slab.","md",false,{},true,null,6,"\u002Fkb\u002Floads\u002Fload-panels",{"title":6,"description":158},{"loc":165},"kb\u002Floads\u002Fload-panels","prF_tHgCNgKxJuJGKPMDgSNZYaiCdiwKvtm5RvR_RHw",{"sections":171,"extras":479,"flat":492},[172,207,250,269,300,331,358,387,414,441,456],{"path":173,"slug":174,"title":175,"description":176,"icon":177,"articles":178},"\u002Fkb\u002Fgetting-started","getting-started","Getting started","From an empty tab to a solved, checked structure — the three guides that get you productive in Elementarium.","lucide:rocket",[179,183,187,191,195,199,203],{"path":180,"title":181,"description":182,"translated":162},"\u002Fkb\u002Fgetting-started\u002Fkeyboard-shortcuts","Keyboard shortcuts","Every key binding in the workspace, the pointer gestures in the viewports, what the number fields accept, and what the command palette understands.",{"path":184,"title":185,"description":186,"translated":162},"\u002Fkb\u002Fgetting-started\u002Fquickstart","Quickstart","Build a portal frame, load it, solve it and read the bending moment diagram — about ten minutes from an empty tab.",{"path":188,"title":189,"description":190,"translated":162},"\u002Fkb\u002Fgetting-started\u002Fscope-and-limits","Scope and limits","What Elementarium models, solves and checks today, and what it does not — on one page, before you commit a job to it.",{"path":192,"title":193,"description":194,"translated":162},"\u002Fkb\u002Fgetting-started\u002Fsystem-requirements","System requirements","Which browsers and devices run Elementarium, how threading affects solve speed, and where the practical ceiling on model size comes from.",{"path":196,"title":197,"description":198,"translated":162},"\u002Fkb\u002Fgetting-started\u002Finterface-tour","Tour of the workspace","The ribbon, properties panel, dockable viewports, table dock, command palette and status bar — what each part of the editor is for.",{"path":200,"title":201,"description":202,"translated":162},"\u002Fkb\u002Fgetting-started\u002Funits","Units","How units work in Elementarium — SI inside, your unit system on screen — and the handful of conversions that cause most wrong answers in structural models.",{"path":204,"title":205,"description":206,"translated":162},"\u002Fkb\u002Fgetting-started\u002Ffirst-analysis","Your first analysis","Load cases, combinations and a linear static solve — then how to decide whether the answer is trustworthy.",{"path":208,"slug":209,"title":210,"description":211,"icon":212,"articles":213},"\u002Fkb\u002Fmodeling","modeling","Modeling","Bars, beams, 3D frames, slabs and walls. Geometry, sections, supports and releases that behave like the real structure.","lucide:frame",[214,218,222,226,230,234,238,242,246],{"path":215,"title":216,"description":217,"translated":162},"\u002Fkb\u002Fmodeling\u002Fbars-beams-and-trusses","Bars, beams and trusses","When a member should be a bar and when a beam, how to model trusses and bracing, and what to do about members that only work in tension.",{"path":219,"title":220,"description":221,"translated":162},"\u002Fkb\u002Fmodeling\u002Fdrawings-and-snapping","Drawings & snapping","Importing a DXF as a reference underlay, choosing its units and plane, and snapping model geometry onto it accurately.",{"path":223,"title":224,"description":225,"translated":162},"\u002Fkb\u002Fmodeling\u002Felastic-foundations","Elastic foundations","Grade beams, strip footings and walls on ground as line supports on springs — choosing a subgrade modulus, and where the model stops being true.",{"path":227,"title":228,"description":229,"translated":162},"\u002Fkb\u002Fmodeling\u002Fplane-frames-in-3d","Plane frames in a 3D solver","When to use the 2D Frame and 2D Truss model types, why a flat structure in a 3D model is a mechanism, and how to restrain it.",{"path":231,"title":232,"description":233,"translated":162},"\u002Fkb\u002Fmodeling\u002Fsections-and-materials","Sections & materials","What a section and a material contribute to the stiffness matrix and the design checks, and the values worth checking twice.",{"path":235,"title":236,"description":237,"translated":162},"\u002Fkb\u002Fmodeling\u002Fsurfaces","Slabs, walls and shells","Modelling surfaces in Elementarium — outlines, openings and thickness, how a beam or a wall attaches to a slab, local axes, and what a surface result means.",{"path":239,"title":240,"description":241,"translated":162},"\u002Fkb\u002Fmodeling\u002Fstructure-generators","Structure generators","Thirty-five parametric structures — trusses, 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7 combinations","LRFD and ASD combinations to ASCE 7-22 — how the generator maps your load groups onto D, L, Lr, S, W and E, and pairing them with the AISC check.",{"path":281,"title":282,"description":283,"translated":162},"\u002Fkb\u002Floads\u002Fcombinations","Automatic combinations","Generating EN 1990 and ASCE 7 combinations, understanding the equations behind them, and reading the generated set critically.",{"path":285,"title":286,"description":287,"translated":162},"\u002Fkb\u002Floads\u002Fenvelopes","Envelopes","Extracting the governing value across dozens of combinations without reading every one — and the traps in doing so.",{"path":289,"title":290,"description":291,"translated":162},"\u002Fkb\u002Floads\u002Fload-cases","Load cases","Actions, self-weight, imposed loads and load arrangements — how to build cases that stay separable.",{"path":165,"title":6,"description":158,"translated":162},{"path":294,"title":295,"description":296,"translated":162},"\u002Fkb\u002Floads\u002Ftemperature-loads","Temperature loads","Uniform temperature change and through-depth gradients — what each does to a free and a restrained structure, and the coefficients to use.",{"path":140,"title":298,"description":299,"translated":162},"Wind and snow","Wind to EN 1991-1-4 and snow to EN 1991-1-3, generated on a building envelope — site inputs, recognised roof shapes, the cases produced, and the limits.",{"path":301,"slug":302,"title":303,"description":304,"icon":305,"articles":306},"\u002Fkb\u002Fanalysis","analysis","Analysis types","Linear static, modal, linear buckling and second-order — what each analysis assumes, what it returns and how to read the result.","lucide:activity",[307,311,315,319,323,327],{"path":308,"title":309,"description":310,"translated":162},"\u002Fkb\u002Fanalysis\u002Fsolvers","Choosing a linear solver","Conjugate gradients with Jacobi, incomplete Cholesky or multigrid, or a direct factorisation — what each does, how to watch it, and when the choice matters.",{"path":312,"title":313,"description":314,"translated":162},"\u002Fkb\u002Fanalysis\u002Fbuckling","Linear buckling","Critical load factors and buckling shapes — what α_cr means, why it is an upper bound, and how to use it for second-order effects.",{"path":316,"title":317,"description":318,"translated":162},"\u002Fkb\u002Fanalysis\u002Flinear-static","Linear static analysis","The workhorse analysis — what K u = f actually assumes, what it returns, and where linearity stops being a reasonable model.",{"path":320,"title":321,"description":322,"translated":162},"\u002Fkb\u002Fanalysis\u002Fmodal","Modal analysis","Natural frequencies and mode shapes — mass modelling, participation factors and what the numbers are good for.",{"path":324,"title":325,"description":326,"translated":162},"\u002Fkb\u002Fanalysis\u002Fsecond-order","Second-order analysis","P-Δ and P-δ solved by iteration, geometric imperfections to EN 1993-1-1 §5.3, and why a second-order result cannot be superposed.",{"path":328,"title":329,"description":330,"translated":162},"\u002Fkb\u002Fanalysis\u002Fverification","Verifying the solver","Closed-form cases you can build in ten minutes to test the solver — beams, frames, columns, plates, frequencies — with the expected error of each.",{"path":332,"slug":333,"title":334,"description":335,"icon":336,"articles":337},"\u002Fkb\u002Fdesign-checks","design-checks","Design checks","Utilisation ratios, governing cases and the clause behind every number a check reports.","lucide:clipboard-check",[338,342,346,350,354],{"path":339,"title":340,"description":341,"translated":162},"\u002Fkb\u002Fdesign-checks\u002Fnational-annexes","National annexes","Where nationally determined parameters change the answer, how to select the right annex, and what to state in the report.",{"path":343,"title":344,"description":345,"translated":162},"\u002Fkb\u002Fdesign-checks\u002Fsection-classification","Section classification","How EN 1993-1-1 Table 5.2 classifies a steel section, why the class depends on the combination, and what the check does with shapes it cannot classify.",{"path":347,"title":348,"description":349,"translated":162},"\u002Fkb\u002Fdesign-checks\u002Fserviceability","Serviceability checks","Deflection, drift and floor frequency checked member by member at SLS, to the national annexes, EN 1990:2023, IBC, AISC or EN 1995-1-1.",{"path":351,"title":352,"description":353,"translated":162},"\u002Fkb\u002Fdesign-checks\u002Faisc","Steel — AISC 360","Member strength to Chapters D to H, LRFD or ASD — compression buckling, lateral-torsional buckling and every C_b option written down.",{"path":355,"title":356,"description":357,"translated":162},"\u002Fkb\u002Fdesign-checks\u002Fsteel","Steel — EN 1993-1-1","Member resistance to §6.2 and §6.3 — what is checked at every station, where buckling lengths come from, and the clauses left to you.",{"path":359,"slug":360,"title":361,"description":362,"icon":363,"articles":364},"\u002Fkb\u002Freports","reports","Results & reports","Diagrams, contours and tables in the viewport, and the calculation package you hand to a reviewer.","lucide:file-chart-column",[365,369,371,375,379,383],{"path":366,"title":367,"description":368,"translated":162},"\u002Fkb\u002Freports\u002Fexporting","Exporting a report","Assembling a calculation package a reviewer can follow — inputs, model, results and checks, in the order a calc package should be.",{"path":148,"title":149,"description":370,"translated":162},"The IFC structural analysis view in and out — what IFC2X3, IFC4 and IFC4X3 files bring, what an export carries, and what IFC cannot 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an earlier state, and restoring it in place or as a new project.",{"path":407,"title":408,"description":409,"translated":162},"\u002Fkb\u002Fcollaboration\u002Fdevices","Working across devices","One account on every device — how a project follows you from desk to laptop, tablet or phone, and what changes on a small screen.",{"path":411,"title":412,"description":413,"translated":162},"\u002Fkb\u002Fcollaboration\u002Fworking-offline","Working offline","What keeps working with no connection, what does not, and how offline edits merge when you come back.",{"path":415,"slug":416,"title":417,"description":418,"icon":419,"articles":420},"\u002Fkb\u002Ftheory","theory","Theory notes","The mechanics inside the solver — element formulations, sign conventions, numerical assumptions and their limits.","lucide:sigma",[421,425,429,433,437],{"path":422,"title":423,"description":424,"translated":162},"\u002Fkb\u002Ftheory\u002Felement-formulations","Element formulations","Degrees of freedom, interpolation and limits for every element type in the solver — what each one can represent and what it cannot.",{"path":426,"title":427,"description":428,"translated":162},"\u002Fkb\u002Ftheory\u002Fglossary","Glossary","Finite element and structural terms as Elementarium uses them, from degrees of freedom to MITC4 and utilisation, each linked to its page.",{"path":430,"title":431,"description":432,"translated":162},"\u002Fkb\u002Ftheory\u002Fsign-conventions","Sign conventions","Axes, positive directions and how to read a diagram without guessing — the page that prevents most result confusion.",{"path":434,"title":435,"description":436,"translated":162},"\u002Fkb\u002Ftheory\u002Fdirect-stiffness-method","The direct stiffness method","How a finite element solver turns a model into K u = f and back — stiffness, transformation, assembly, constraints, solution and recovery.",{"path":438,"title":439,"description":440,"translated":162},"\u002Fkb\u002Ftheory\u002Fwinkler-foundations","Winkler foundations","The bedding model behind elastic foundations — what it assumes, how to choose a modulus, and precisely where the idealisation stops being true.",{"path":442,"slug":443,"title":444,"description":445,"icon":446,"articles":447},"\u002Fkb\u002Ftroubleshooting","troubleshooting","Troubleshooting","Solver errors, unstable models and results that look wrong — with the usual causes listed first.","lucide:life-buoy",[448,452],{"path":449,"title":450,"description":451,"translated":162},"\u002Fkb\u002Ftroubleshooting\u002Fsolver-errors","Solver errors","What each class of solver message means, what usually causes it, and what to do next.",{"path":453,"title":454,"description":455,"translated":162},"\u002Fkb\u002Ftroubleshooting\u002Fsingular-stiffness-matrix","Why the solver reports a singular stiffness matrix","The most common solver failure — what 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