[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":2333},["ShallowReactive",2],{"kb-en-\u002Fkb\u002Fdesign-checks\u002Fserviceability":3,"kb-nav-en":1945},{"page":4,"fallback":1935},{"id":5,"title":6,"body":7,"description":1933,"extension":1934,"faq":1935,"meta":1936,"navigation":1937,"ogImage":1938,"order":1939,"path":1940,"raw":1935,"robots":1938,"schemaOrg":1938,"seo":1941,"sitemap":1942,"stem":1943,"__hash__":1944},"content_en\u002Fkb\u002Fdesign-checks\u002Fserviceability.md","Serviceability checks",{"type":8,"value":9,"toc":1916},"minimark",[10,20,83,88,103,111,115,118,172,180,183,186,191,194,201,208,215,540,543,546,550,868,899,903,910,942,948,951,954,1164,1167,1170,1173,1578,1807,1815,1819,1860,1865,1869,1903,1907],[11,12,13,14,19],"p",{},"A strength check asks whether a member breaks. A serviceability check asks whether\nanyone will notice it working: a sagging floor that cracks the partitions on it, a\ncladding rail that lets the glazing rattle, a frame that sways enough to be felt.\nElementarium checks three of these member by member, beside the\n",[15,16,18],"a",{"href":17},"\u002Fkb\u002Fdesign-checks\u002Fsteel","strength checks",", and reports each one the same way: the\nmeasured value, the limit, and the clause the limit comes from.",[21,22,23,39],"table",{},[24,25,26],"thead",{},[27,28,29,33,36],"tr",{},[30,31,32],"th",{},"Check",[30,34,35],{},"What it reads",[30,37,38],{},"Modules",[40,41,42,57,70],"tbody",{},[27,43,44,51,54],{},[45,46,47],"td",{},[48,49,50],"strong",{},"Deflection",[45,52,53],{},"The member's own sag between its supports, or a cantilever's tip",[45,55,56],{},"EN 1990 with national annex presets · IBC Table 1604.3 · EN 1995-1-1 §7.2 with creep",[27,58,59,64,67],{},[45,60,61],{},[48,62,63],{},"Drift",[45,65,66],{},"The horizontal movement of a column over its storey and over the building height",[45,68,69],{},"EN 1990 · AISC 360",[27,71,72,77,80],{},[45,73,74],{},[48,75,76],{},"Floor frequency",[45,78,79],{},"A floor beam's natural frequency, estimated from its deflection",[45,81,82],{},"SCI P354 · AISC Design Guide 11",[84,85,87],"h2",{"id":86},"setting-one-up","Setting one up",[11,89,90,93,94,97,98,102],{},[48,91,92],{},"Analysis → Design checks → Serviceability"," opens the project's serviceability check,\nor starts one if there is none. Pick the module, then the preset — the row of the code's\ntable that describes the member — and the scope: which members, which combinations.\nResults appear in the ",[48,95,96],{},"Design checks"," table in the dock, next to any strength checks,\nand in a viewport's ",[99,100,101],"em",{},"Design utilization"," plot.",[11,104,105,106,110],{},"A serviceability check is a design check like any other, so it counts towards the\nplan's ",[15,107,109],{"href":108},"\u002Fkb\u002Faccount\u002Fplans","design checks per project",": one on Free, ten on a student\naccount, unlimited on Pro.",[84,112,114],{"id":113},"each-limit-on-its-own-combination","Each limit on its own combination",[11,116,117],{},"EN 1990 does not ask one deflection to satisfy one limit. It writes several criteria\nfor the same member, each read under a different serviceability combination, and the\ncheck keeps them apart:",[21,119,120,133],{},[24,121,122],{},[27,123,124,127,130],{},[30,125,126],{},"Criterion",[30,128,129],{},"Combination",[30,131,132],{},"Typical reading",[40,134,135,150,161],{},[27,136,137,140,143],{},[45,138,139],{},"Damage to non-structural elements",[45,141,142],{},"Characteristic",[45,144,145,146,149],{},"The deflection that arrives ",[99,147,148],{},"after"," the partitions and finishes are fixed",[27,151,152,155,158],{},[45,153,154],{},"Comfort",[45,156,157],{},"Frequent",[45,159,160],{},"The variable part, as people feel it",[27,162,163,166,169],{},[45,164,165],{},"Appearance",[45,167,168],{},"Quasi-permanent",[45,170,171],{},"The long-term total, net of precamber",[11,173,174,175,179],{},"Each criterion runs only on combinations of the type it was written for. A combination\nyou build by hand carries no type, so every criterion is checked on it. Generated\ncombinations carry their type from the generator — see\n",[15,176,178],{"href":177},"\u002Fkb\u002Floads\u002Fcombinations","Load combinations",".",[11,181,182],{},"The ASCE 7 service combinations the generator writes are D + L, D + (Lr, S or R),\nD + 0.5L and D + 0.5L + 0.42W.",[84,184,50],{"id":185},"deflection",[187,188,190],"h3",{"id":189},"what-is-measured","What is measured",[192,193],"diagram-deflection-reference",{},[11,195,196,197,200],{},"A span limit is a limit on the member's ",[48,198,199],{},"own"," bending. So each stretch between\nsupports is measured from the chord through its displaced ends, the way EN 1990\nFigure A1.1 draws it. A beam sitting\non a girder that sags 10 mm does not inherit those 10 mm; the girder's own check does.",[11,202,203,204,207],{},"A ",[48,205,206],{},"cantilever"," is measured from its support's displaced position, parallel to the\nundeformed axis. The support's rotation is therefore part of the tip deflection — often\nthe larger part, when a back span lifts — and that total is what the tables were\nwritten against when they double a cantilever's length.",[11,209,210,211,214],{},"Each limit reads ",[48,212,213],{},"one component"," of the deflection, re-superposed from the load\ncases of the combination with the others left out:",[21,216,217,230],{},[24,218,219],{},[27,220,221,224,227],{},[30,222,223],{},"Component",[30,225,226],{},"Meaning",[30,228,229],{},"Where it appears",[40,231,232,243,334,345,356,367],{},[27,233,234,237,240],{},[45,235,236],{},"Total",[45,238,239],{},"Every case of the combination",[45,241,242],{},"EN w_tot, EN 1995 w_inst",[27,244,245,248,331],{},[45,246,247],{},"Total net of precamber",[45,249,250,251],{},"The total minus the member's precamber ",[252,253,256],"span",{"className":254},[255],"katex",[252,257,261],{"className":258,"ariaHidden":260},[259],"katex-html","true",[252,262,265,270],{"className":263},[264],"base",[252,266],{"className":267,"style":269},[268],"strut","height:0.5806em;vertical-align:-0.15em;",[252,271,274,280],{"className":272},[273],"mord",[252,275,279],{"className":276,"style":278},[273,277],"mathnormal","margin-right:0.0269em;","w",[252,281,284],{"className":282},[283],"msupsub",[252,285,289,322],{"className":286},[287,288],"vlist-t","vlist-t2",[252,290,293,317],{"className":291},[292],"vlist-r",[252,294,298],{"className":295,"style":297},[296],"vlist","height:0.1514em;",[252,299,301,306],{"style":300},"top:-2.55em;margin-left:-0.0269em;margin-right:0.05em;",[252,302],{"className":303,"style":305},[304],"pstrut","height:2.7em;",[252,307,313],{"className":308},[309,310,311,312],"sizing","reset-size6","size3","mtight",[252,314,316],{"className":315},[273,277,312],"c",[252,318,321],{"className":319},[320],"vlist-s","​",[252,323,325],{"className":324},[292],[252,326,329],{"className":327,"style":328},[296],"height:0.15em;",[252,330],{},[45,332,333],{},"EN 1990 w_max",[27,335,336,339,342],{},[45,337,338],{},"Variable actions",[45,340,341],{},"The variable cases only",[45,343,344],{},"EN 1990:2002 w₃, EN 1990:2023 w₂ + w₃, ČSN δ₂, UK NA",[27,346,347,350,353],{},[45,348,349],{},"One variable action",[45,351,352],{},"The worst single variable action",[45,354,355],{},"DS\u002FEN 1993-1-1 DK NA",[27,357,358,361,364],{},[45,359,360],{},"Live \u002F Snow or wind",[45,362,363],{},"L or Lr; S or W",[45,365,366],{},"IBC Table 1604.3",[27,368,369,372,537],{},[45,370,371],{},"Creep part of D + L",[45,373,374],{},[252,375,377],{"className":376},[255],[252,378,380,490],{"className":379,"ariaHidden":260},[259],[252,381,383,387,435,477,482,487],{"className":382},[264],[252,384],{"className":385,"style":386},[268],"height:0.8444em;vertical-align:-0.15em;",[252,388,390,395],{"className":389},[273],[252,391,394],{"className":392,"style":393},[273,277],"margin-right:0.0315em;","k",[252,396,398],{"className":397},[283],[252,399,401,427],{"className":400},[287,288],[252,402,404,424],{"className":403},[292],[252,405,407],{"className":406,"style":297},[296],[252,408,410,413],{"style":409},"top:-2.55em;margin-left:-0.0315em;margin-right:0.05em;",[252,411],{"className":412,"style":305},[304],[252,414,416],{"className":415},[309,310,311,312],[252,417,419],{"className":418},[273,312],[252,420,423],{"className":421,"style":422},[273,277,312],"margin-right:0.0278em;","cr",[252,425,321],{"className":426},[320],[252,428,430],{"className":429},[292],[252,431,433],{"className":432,"style":328},[296],[252,434],{},[252,436,438,441],{"className":437},[273],[252,439,279],{"className":440,"style":278},[273,277],[252,442,444],{"className":443},[283],[252,445,447,469],{"className":446},[287,288],[252,448,450,466],{"className":449},[292],[252,451,454],{"className":452,"style":453},[296],"height:0.3283em;",[252,455,456,459],{"style":300},[252,457],{"className":458,"style":305},[304],[252,460,462],{"className":461},[309,310,311,312],[252,463,465],{"className":464,"style":422},[273,277,312],"D",[252,467,321],{"className":468},[320],[252,470,472],{"className":471},[292],[252,473,475],{"className":474,"style":328},[296],[252,476],{},[252,478],{"className":479,"style":481},[480],"mspace","margin-right:0.2222em;",[252,483,486],{"className":484},[485],"mbin","+",[252,488],{"className":489,"style":481},[480],[252,491,493,496],{"className":492},[264],[252,494],{"className":495,"style":269},[268],[252,497,499,502],{"className":498},[273],[252,500,279],{"className":501,"style":278},[273,277],[252,503,505],{"className":504},[283],[252,506,508,529],{"className":507},[287,288],[252,509,511,526],{"className":510},[292],[252,512,514],{"className":513,"style":453},[296],[252,515,516,519],{"style":300},[252,517],{"className":518,"style":305},[304],[252,520,522],{"className":521},[309,310,311,312],[252,523,525],{"className":524},[273,277,312],"L",[252,527,321],{"className":528},[320],[252,530,532],{"className":531},[292],[252,533,535],{"className":534,"style":328},[296],[252,536],{},[45,538,539],{},"IBC footnote d",[11,541,542],{},"It is never the difference of two combinations. Subtracting a \"dead only\" result from\na total goes wrong as soon as the two were factored differently.",[11,544,545],{},"The peak is read between the solver's stations by fitting a parabola through the three\nsamples around the largest one, which is a better estimate of a smooth maximum than the\nsample beside it.",[187,547,549],{"id":548},"presets","Presets",[21,551,552,565],{},[24,553,554],{},[27,555,556,559,562],{},[30,557,558],{},"Module",[30,560,561],{},"Presets from",[30,563,564],{},"Examples",[40,566,567,578,589],{},[27,568,569,572,575],{},[45,570,571],{},"EN 1990 · Deflection (SLS)",[45,573,574],{},"ČSN EN 1993-1-1 NA.2.22 Tab. NA.1 (CZ) · NA to BS EN 1993-1-1 NA.2.23 (UK) · NF EN 1993-1-1\u002FNA Tableau 1 (FR) · PN-EN 1993-1-1 NA Tabl. NA.1 (PL) · DS\u002FEN 1993-1-1 DK NA 7.2.1(1)B (DK) · NEN-EN 1990\u002FNB A1.4.3 (NL) · EN 1990:2023 A.1.8.2.2 Tab. A.1.10",[45,576,577],{},"CZ purlins δ₂ ≤ L\u002F200, floor girders L\u002F400; UK brittle finish L\u002F360; EN 1990:2023 floor with non-brittle partitions w_max ≤ L\u002F400, comfort L\u002F300, appearance L\u002F250",[27,579,580,583,586],{},[45,581,582],{},"IBC 1604.3 · Deflection (SLS)",[45,584,585],{},"IBC 2021\u002F2024 Table 1604.3",[45,587,588],{},"Floor members L\u002F360 under live load, L\u002F240 under D + L",[27,590,591,594,597],{},[45,592,593],{},"EC5 · Deflection with creep (SLS)",[45,595,596],{},"EN 1995-1-1 §7.2, Table 7.2",[45,598,599,600,665,666,729,730,804,805],{},"Timber members: ",[252,601,603],{"className":602},[255],[252,604,606],{"className":605,"ariaHidden":260},[259],[252,607,609,612],{"className":608},[264],[252,610],{"className":611,"style":269},[268],[252,613,615,618],{"className":614},[273],[252,616,279],{"className":617,"style":278},[273,277],[252,619,621],{"className":620},[283],[252,622,624,657],{"className":623},[287,288],[252,625,627,654],{"className":626},[292],[252,628,631],{"className":629,"style":630},[296],"height:0.3117em;",[252,632,633,636],{"style":300},[252,634],{"className":635,"style":305},[304],[252,637,639],{"className":638},[309,310,311,312],[252,640,642,646,650],{"className":641},[273,312],[252,643,645],{"className":644},[273,277,312],"in",[252,647,649],{"className":648},[273,277,312],"s",[252,651,653],{"className":652},[273,277,312],"t",[252,655,321],{"className":656},[320],[252,658,660],{"className":659},[292],[252,661,663],{"className":662,"style":328},[296],[252,664],{},", ",[252,667,669],{"className":668},[255],[252,670,672],{"className":671,"ariaHidden":260},[259],[252,673,675,679],{"className":674},[264],[252,676],{"className":677,"style":678},[268],"height:0.7167em;vertical-align:-0.2861em;",[252,680,682,685],{"className":681},[273],[252,683,279],{"className":684,"style":278},[273,277],[252,686,688],{"className":687},[283],[252,689,691,720],{"className":690},[287,288],[252,692,694,717],{"className":693},[292],[252,695,698],{"className":696,"style":697},[296],"height:0.3361em;",[252,699,700,703],{"style":300},[252,701],{"className":702,"style":305},[304],[252,704,706],{"className":705},[309,310,311,312],[252,707,709,714],{"className":708},[273,312],[252,710,713],{"className":711,"style":712},[273,277,312],"margin-right:0.1076em;","f",[252,715,645],{"className":716},[273,277,312],[252,718,321],{"className":719},[320],[252,721,723],{"className":722},[292],[252,724,727],{"className":725,"style":726},[296],"height:0.2861em;",[252,728],{}," and ",[252,731,733],{"className":732},[255],[252,734,736],{"className":735,"ariaHidden":260},[259],[252,737,739,742],{"className":738},[264],[252,740],{"className":741,"style":678},[268],[252,743,745,748],{"className":744},[273],[252,746,279],{"className":747,"style":278},[273,277],[252,749,751],{"className":750},[283],[252,752,754,796],{"className":753},[287,288],[252,755,757,793],{"className":756},[292],[252,758,760],{"className":759,"style":697},[296],[252,761,762,765],{"style":300},[252,763],{"className":764,"style":305},[304],[252,766,768],{"className":767},[309,310,311,312],[252,769,771,775,779,782,787,790],{"className":770},[273,312],[252,772,774],{"className":773},[273,277,312],"n",[252,776,778],{"className":777},[273,277,312],"e",[252,780,653],{"className":781},[273,277,312],[252,783,786],{"className":784},[785,312],"mpunct",",",[252,788,713],{"className":789,"style":712},[273,277,312],[252,791,645],{"className":792},[273,277,312],[252,794,321],{"className":795},[320],[252,797,799],{"className":798},[292],[252,800,802],{"className":801,"style":726},[296],[252,803],{},", with the service class and ",[252,806,808],{"className":807},[255],[252,809,811],{"className":810,"ariaHidden":260},[259],[252,812,814,818],{"className":813},[264],[252,815],{"className":816,"style":817},[268],"height:0.9805em;vertical-align:-0.2861em;",[252,819,821,824],{"className":820},[273],[252,822,394],{"className":823,"style":393},[273,277],[252,825,827],{"className":826},[283],[252,828,830,860],{"className":829},[287,288],[252,831,833,857],{"className":832},[292],[252,834,836],{"className":835,"style":697},[296],[252,837,838,841],{"style":409},[252,839],{"className":840,"style":305},[304],[252,842,844],{"className":843},[309,310,311,312],[252,845,847,851,854],{"className":846},[273,312],[252,848,850],{"className":849},[273,277,312],"d",[252,852,778],{"className":853},[273,277,312],[252,855,713],{"className":856,"style":712},[273,277,312],[252,858,321],{"className":859},[320],[252,861,863],{"className":862},[292],[252,864,866],{"className":865,"style":726},[296],[252,867],{},[11,869,870,871,874,875,898],{},"The EN 1990 module checks steel and aluminium; EN 1995 checks timber. Where no national\npreset is chosen, the EN 1990:2023 values apply. ",[48,872,873],{},"Custom"," takes your own ",[252,876,878],{"className":877},[255],[252,879,881],{"className":880,"ariaHidden":260},[259],[252,882,884,888,891,895],{"className":883},[264],[252,885],{"className":886,"style":887},[268],"height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;",[252,889,525],{"className":890},[273,277],[252,892,894],{"className":893},[273],"\u002F",[252,896,774],{"className":897},[273,277],", an\nabsolute cap in millimetres, a cantilever factor (2 by default) and whether precamber is\nsubtracted.",[187,900,902],{"id":901},"what-the-member-tells-the-check","What the member tells the check",[11,904,905,906,909],{},"Select a member and open ",[48,907,908],{},"Serviceability"," in the Properties panel:",[911,912,913,920],"ul",{},[914,915,916,919],"li",{},[48,917,918],{},"w_c"," — the precamber the member is fabricated with, upwards. A limit on the net\ndeflection subtracts it.",[914,921,922,925,926,929,930,933,934,937,938,941],{},[48,923,924],{},"Spans as"," — ",[99,927,928],{},"From the supports"," (the default: the check finds the stretches between\nsupports itself), ",[99,931,932],{},"Span (held at both ends)",", or ",[99,935,936],{},"Cantilever — fixed at the start node","\n\u002F ",[99,939,940],{},"end node"," when the model's supports alone would not say so.",[943,944],"kb-figure",{"alt":945,"caption":946,"src":947,":narrow":260},"The Properties panel for element E12 with the Serviceability group expanded: w_c 0 mm, Spans as From the supports, and an explanatory note about precamber and cantilevers","A column of the steel hall in the Properties panel with Serviceability open: w_c 0 mm and Spans as From the supports, with the panel's own note on what a deflection check needs to know.","\u002Fkb\u002Fproperties-beam-panel.png",[84,949,63],{"id":950},"drift",[11,952,953],{},"Read per column member, which is what a member-based check can say without inventing\nstoreys:",[911,955,956,1114],{},[914,957,958,961,962,1061,1062,179],{},[48,959,960],{},"Storey drift"," ",[252,963,965],{"className":964},[255],[252,966,968],{"className":967,"ariaHidden":260},[259],[252,969,971,974,1017,1020],{"className":970},[264],[252,972],{"className":973,"style":887},[268],[252,975,977,981],{"className":976},[273],[252,978,980],{"className":979},[273,277],"u",[252,982,984],{"className":983},[283],[252,985,987,1009],{"className":986},[287,288],[252,988,990,1006],{"className":989},[292],[252,991,993],{"className":992,"style":630},[296],[252,994,996,999],{"style":995},"top:-2.55em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;",[252,997],{"className":998,"style":305},[304],[252,1000,1002],{"className":1001},[309,310,311,312],[252,1003,1005],{"className":1004},[273,277,312],"i",[252,1007,321],{"className":1008},[320],[252,1010,1012],{"className":1011},[292],[252,1013,1015],{"className":1014,"style":328},[296],[252,1016],{},[252,1018,894],{"className":1019},[273],[252,1021,1023,1027],{"className":1022},[273],[252,1024,1026],{"className":1025},[273,277],"h",[252,1028,1030],{"className":1029},[283],[252,1031,1033,1053],{"className":1032},[287,288],[252,1034,1036,1050],{"className":1035},[292],[252,1037,1039],{"className":1038,"style":630},[296],[252,1040,1041,1044],{"style":995},[252,1042],{"className":1043,"style":305},[304],[252,1045,1047],{"className":1046},[309,310,311,312],[252,1048,1005],{"className":1049},[273,277,312],[252,1051,321],{"className":1052},[320],[252,1054,1056],{"className":1055},[292],[252,1057,1059],{"className":1058,"style":328},[296],[252,1060],{}," — the horizontal part of the column's top-minus-bottom\ndisplacement over its height. For a column one storey tall that is exactly EN 1990's\n",[252,1063,1065],{"className":1064},[255],[252,1066,1068],{"className":1067,"ariaHidden":260},[259],[252,1069,1071,1074],{"className":1070},[264],[252,1072],{"className":1073,"style":269},[268],[252,1075,1077,1080],{"className":1076},[273],[252,1078,980],{"className":1079},[273,277],[252,1081,1083],{"className":1082},[283],[252,1084,1086,1106],{"className":1085},[287,288],[252,1087,1089,1103],{"className":1088},[292],[252,1090,1092],{"className":1091,"style":630},[296],[252,1093,1094,1097],{"style":995},[252,1095],{"className":1096,"style":305},[304],[252,1098,1100],{"className":1099},[309,310,311,312],[252,1101,1005],{"className":1102},[273,277,312],[252,1104,321],{"className":1105},[320],[252,1107,1109],{"className":1108},[292],[252,1110,1112],{"className":1111,"style":328},[296],[252,1113],{},[914,1115,1116,961,1119,1142,1143,179],{},[48,1117,1118],{},"Overall drift",[252,1120,1122],{"className":1121},[255],[252,1123,1125],{"className":1124,"ariaHidden":260},[259],[252,1126,1128,1131,1134,1137],{"className":1127},[264],[252,1129],{"className":1130,"style":887},[268],[252,1132,980],{"className":1133},[273,277],[252,1135,894],{"className":1136},[273],[252,1138,1141],{"className":1139,"style":1140},[273,277],"margin-right:0.0813em;","H"," — the horizontal displacement of the column's top over its\nheight above the foundation. At the top storey that is the building's ",[252,1144,1146],{"className":1145},[255],[252,1147,1149],{"className":1148,"ariaHidden":260},[259],[252,1150,1152,1155,1158,1161],{"className":1151},[264],[252,1153],{"className":1154,"style":887},[268],[252,1156,980],{"className":1157},[273,277],[252,1159,894],{"className":1160},[273],[252,1162,1141],{"className":1163,"style":1140},[273,277],[11,1165,1166],{},"The horizontal displacement is the resultant of both directions, so it is never smaller\nthan an X-only or Y-only reading. EN 1990 · Horizontal drift carries the CZ, UK, FR, PL\nand DK annex tables and EN 1990:2023 Table A.1.11 (by default H\u002F500 overall and h\u002F200\nper storey under characteristic combinations); AISC 360 · Drift offers h\u002F400, h\u002F500 or\nh\u002F600 after AISC 360-22 Commentary L3 and ASCE 7 CC.2.2.",[84,1168,76],{"id":1169},"floor-frequency",[11,1171,1172],{},"A screen, not a comfort verification. It estimates a floor beam's fundamental frequency\nfrom its deflection under the load actually present in service:",[252,1174,1177],{"className":1175},[1176],"katex-display",[252,1178,1180],{"className":1179},[255],[252,1181,1183,1205,1436],{"className":1182,"ariaHidden":260},[259],[252,1184,1186,1190,1193,1197,1202],{"className":1185},[264],[252,1187],{"className":1188,"style":1189},[268],"height:0.8889em;vertical-align:-0.1944em;",[252,1191,713],{"className":1192,"style":712},[273,277],[252,1194],{"className":1195,"style":1196},[480],"margin-right:0.2778em;",[252,1198,1201],{"className":1199},[1200],"mrel","=",[252,1203],{"className":1204,"style":1196},[480],[252,1206,1208,1212,1371,1375,1382,1386,1427,1430,1433],{"className":1207},[264],[252,1209],{"className":1210,"style":1211},[268],"height:2.4514em;vertical-align:-1.13em;",[252,1213,1215,1220,1368],{"className":1214},[273],[252,1216],{"className":1217},[1218,1219],"mopen","nulldelimiter",[252,1221,1224],{"className":1222},[1223],"mfrac",[252,1225,1227,1359],{"className":1226},[287,288],[252,1228,1230,1356],{"className":1229},[292],[252,1231,1234,1332,1343],{"className":1232,"style":1233},[296],"height:1.3214em;",[252,1235,1237,1241],{"style":1236},"top:-2.175em;",[252,1238],{"className":1239,"style":1240},[304],"height:3em;",[252,1242,1244],{"className":1243},[273],[252,1245,1248],{"className":1246},[273,1247],"sqrt",[252,1249,1251,1323],{"className":1250},[287,288],[252,1252,1254,1320],{"className":1253},[292],[252,1255,1258,1297],{"className":1256,"style":1257},[296],"height:0.935em;",[252,1259,1263,1267],{"className":1260,"style":1262},[1261],"svg-align","top:-3.2em;",[252,1264],{"className":1265,"style":1266},[304],"height:3.2em;",[252,1268,1271,1276,1280,1284,1292],{"className":1269,"style":1270},[273],"padding-left:1em;",[252,1272,1275],{"className":1273,"style":1274},[273,277],"margin-right:0.0379em;","δ",[252,1277],{"className":1278,"style":1279},[480],"margin-right:0.1667em;",[252,1281,1283],{"className":1282},[1218],"[",[252,1285,1288],{"className":1286},[273,1287],"text",[252,1289,1291],{"className":1290},[273],"mm",[252,1293,1296],{"className":1294},[1295],"mclose","]",[252,1298,1300,1303],{"style":1299},"top:-2.895em;",[252,1301],{"className":1302,"style":1266},[304],[252,1304,1308],{"className":1305,"style":1307},[1306],"hide-tail","min-width:1.02em;height:1.28em;",[1309,1310,1316],"svg",{"xmlns":1311,"width":1312,"height":1313,"viewBox":1314,"preserveAspectRatio":1315},"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F2000\u002Fsvg","400em","1.28em","0 0 400000 1296","xMinYMin slice",[1317,1318],"path",{"d":1319},"M263,681c0.7,0,18,39.7,52,119\nc34,79.3,68.167,158.7,102.5,238c34.3,79.3,51.8,119.3,52.5,120\nc340,-704.7,510.7,-1060.3,512,-1067\nl0 -0\nc4.7,-7.3,11,-11,19,-11\nH40000v40H1012.3\ns-271.3,567,-271.3,567c-38.7,80.7,-84,175,-136,283c-52,108,-89.167,185.3,-111.5,232\nc-22.3,46.7,-33.8,70.3,-34.5,71c-4.7,4.7,-12.3,7,-23,7s-12,-1,-12,-1\ns-109,-253,-109,-253c-72.7,-168,-109.3,-252,-110,-252c-10.7,8,-22,16.7,-34,26\nc-22,17.3,-33.3,26,-34,26s-26,-26,-26,-26s76,-59,76,-59s76,-60,76,-60z\nM1001 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0 400000 2592",[1317,1554],{"d":1555},"M424,2478\nc-1.3,-0.7,-38.5,-172,-111.5,-514c-73,-342,-109.8,-513.3,-110.5,-514\nc0,-2,-10.7,14.3,-32,49c-4.7,7.3,-9.8,15.7,-15.5,25c-5.7,9.3,-9.8,16,-12.5,20\ns-5,7,-5,7c-4,-3.3,-8.3,-7.7,-13,-13s-13,-13,-13,-13s76,-122,76,-122s77,-121,77,-121\ns209,968,209,968c0,-2,84.7,-361.7,254,-1079c169.3,-717.3,254.7,-1077.7,256,-1081\nl0 -0c4,-6.7,10,-10,18,-10 H400000\nv40H1014.6\ns-87.3,378.7,-272.6,1166c-185.3,787.3,-279.3,1182.3,-282,1185\nc-2,6,-10,9,-24,9\nc-8,0,-12,-0.7,-12,-2z M1001 80\nh400000v40h-400000z",[252,1557,321],{"className":1558},[320],[252,1560,1562],{"className":1561},[292],[252,1563,1566],{"className":1564,"style":1565},[296],"height:0.8953em;",[252,1567],{},[252,1569],{"className":1570,"style":1374},[480],[252,1572,1574],{"className":1573},[273,1287],[252,1575,1577],{"className":1576},[273],"(AISC Design Guide 11)",[11,1579,1580,1581,1745,1746,1749,1750,1806],{},"Both are the same physics — a uniformly loaded simple beam 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0 400000 1080",[1317,1731],{"d":1732},"M95,702\nc-2.7,0,-7.17,-2.7,-13.5,-8c-5.8,-5.3,-9.5,-10,-9.5,-14\nc0,-2,0.3,-3.3,1,-4c1.3,-2.7,23.83,-20.7,67.5,-54\nc44.2,-33.3,65.8,-50.3,66.5,-51c1.3,-1.3,3,-2,5,-2c4.7,0,8.7,3.3,12,10\ns173,378,173,378c0.7,0,35.3,-71,104,-213c68.7,-142,137.5,-285,206.5,-429\nc69,-144,104.5,-217.7,106.5,-221\nl0 -0\nc5.3,-9.3,12,-14,20,-14\nH400000v40H845.2724\ns-225.272,467,-225.272,467s-235,486,-235,486c-2.7,4.7,-9,7,-19,7\nc-6,0,-10,-1,-12,-3s-194,-422,-194,-422s-65,47,-65,47z\nM834 80h400000v40h-400000z",[252,1734,321],{"className":1735},[320],[252,1737,1739],{"className":1738},[292],[252,1740,1743],{"className":1741,"style":1742},[296],"height:0.1078em;",[252,1744],{}," — and both take δ as the\n",[48,1747,1748],{},"absolute"," deflection, supports included, because a beam on flexible girders really\ndoes have a lower floor frequency than on rigid ones. The permanent load counts in full\nand a share of the imposed load (10 % for the EN module, 20 % for AISC) is added; the\nfloor must reach ",[252,1751,1753],{"className":1752},[255],[252,1754,1756],{"className":1755,"ariaHidden":260},[259],[252,1757,1759,1762],{"className":1758},[264],[252,1760],{"className":1761,"style":1189},[268],[252,1763,1765,1768],{"className":1764},[273],[252,1766,713],{"className":1767,"style":712},[273,277],[252,1769,1771],{"className":1770},[283],[252,1772,1774,1798],{"className":1773},[287,288],[252,1775,1777,1795],{"className":1776},[292],[252,1778,1780],{"className":1779,"style":630},[296],[252,1781,1782,1785],{"style":1406},[252,1783],{"className":1784,"style":305},[304],[252,1786,1788],{"className":1787},[309,310,311,312],[252,1789,1791],{"className":1790},[273,312],[252,1792,1794],{"className":1793},[273,277,312],"min",[252,1796,321],{"className":1797},[320],[252,1799,1801],{"className":1800},[292],[252,1802,1804],{"className":1803,"style":328},[296],[252,1805],{},", 3 Hz by default.",[1808,1809,1812],"callout",{"title":1810,"type":1811},"Passing the screen is not a comfortable floor","warning",[11,1813,1814],{},"The acceptance criterion in DG11, in SCI P354 and in EN 1990:2023 A.1.8.3 is an\nacceleration or a response factor, which needs the whole floor panel, its damping and\nits mass. The check says so on itself. Use it to find the floors that need that\nanalysis, not to skip it.",[84,1816,1818],{"id":1817},"reading-the-results","Reading the results",[11,1820,1821,1822,1824,1825,1828,1829,1832,1833,1854,1855,1859],{},"Serviceability rows sit in the same ",[48,1823,96],{}," table as the strength rows, and\nread ",[48,1826,1827],{},"Measured"," against ",[48,1830,1831],{},"Limit"," in place of the section class — a deflection in\nmillimetres beside the ",[252,1834,1836],{"className":1835},[255],[252,1837,1839],{"className":1838,"ariaHidden":260},[259],[252,1840,1842,1845,1848,1851],{"className":1841},[264],[252,1843],{"className":1844,"style":887},[268],[252,1846,525],{"className":1847},[273,277],[252,1849,894],{"className":1850},[273],[252,1852,774],{"className":1853},[273,277]," it is held to, worked out for that span — with η their\nratio. Expand a row for the criterion, the combination, the component of the\ndeflection it read and the position along the member; the calculation sheet and the\n",[15,1856,1858],{"href":1857},"\u002Fkb\u002Freports\u002Fexporting","report"," carry the same trace.",[943,1861],{"alt":1862,"caption":1863,"src":1864},"The editor with the 3D view and a Design utilization viewport above a docked Design checks table: η max 0.606, rows for members E12, E8, E11 and others with combination ULS, permutation 6.10 Snow leading, status OK, η and governing clause 6.2.5 (M_y)","The steel hall example's Design checks table docked under the model, here showing its strength rows worst first: member, combination and the permutation that governed, status, η, the governing clause, section class and standard. Serviceability rows appear in the same table.","\u002Fkb\u002Fdesign-checks-dock.webp",[84,1866,1868],{"id":1867},"what-is-not-checked","What is not checked",[911,1870,1871,1877,1883,1898],{},[914,1872,1873,1876],{},[48,1874,1875],{},"Floor acceleration and response factor"," — see above.",[914,1878,1879,1882],{},[48,1880,1881],{},"Crack widths and concrete deflection"," — there is no concrete module yet; EN 1992\nserviceability arrives with it.",[914,1884,1885,1888,1889,1893,1894,179],{},[48,1886,1887],{},"Plates."," The checks read members. A slab's deflection is read off its\n",[15,1890,1892],{"href":1891},"\u002Fkb\u002Freports\u002Freading-diagrams","contour"," against the limit you choose; see\n",[15,1895,1897],{"href":1896},"\u002Fkb\u002Fanalysis\u002Flinear-static#deflection-limits","Linear static analysis",[914,1899,1900],{},[48,1901,1902],{},"Ponding and long-term effects other than timber creep.",[84,1904,1906],{"id":1905},"related","Related",[11,1908,1909,1912,1913,1915],{},[15,1910,96],{"href":1911},"\u002Fkb\u002Fdesign-checks"," explains how every check reports itself and why each\nis versioned; ",[15,1914,178],{"href":177}," how the characteristic,\nfrequent and quasi-permanent combinations are generated.",{"title":1917,"searchDepth":1918,"depth":1918,"links":1919},"",2,[1920,1921,1922,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932],{"id":86,"depth":1918,"text":87},{"id":113,"depth":1918,"text":114},{"id":185,"depth":1918,"text":50,"children":1923},[1924,1926,1927],{"id":189,"depth":1925,"text":190},3,{"id":548,"depth":1925,"text":549},{"id":901,"depth":1925,"text":902},{"id":950,"depth":1918,"text":63},{"id":1169,"depth":1918,"text":76},{"id":1817,"depth":1918,"text":1818},{"id":1867,"depth":1918,"text":1868},{"id":1905,"depth":1918,"text":1906},"Deflection, drift and floor frequency checked member by member at SLS, to the national annexes, EN 1990:2023, IBC, AISC or EN 1995-1-1.","md",false,{},true,null,2.5,"\u002Fkb\u002Fdesign-checks\u002Fserviceability",{"title":6,"description":1933},{"loc":1940},"kb\u002Fdesign-checks\u002Fserviceability","cwJ-Z-gUWgMCHvJmoXJcEYEyMZfgY6z94SJn1aMnrpE",{"sections":1946,"extras":2249,"flat":2262},[1947,1982,2025,2044,2078,2108,2129,2158,2185,2212,2227],{"path":1948,"slug":1949,"title":1950,"description":1951,"icon":1952,"articles":1953},"\u002Fkb\u002Fgetting-started","getting-started","Getting started","From an empty tab to a solved, checked structure — the three guides that get you productive in Elementarium.","lucide:rocket",[1954,1958,1962,1966,1970,1974,1978],{"path":1955,"title":1956,"description":1957,"translated":1937},"\u002Fkb\u002Fgetting-started\u002Fkeyboard-shortcuts","Keyboard shortcuts","Every key binding in the workspace, the pointer gestures in the viewports, what the number fields accept, and what the command palette understands.",{"path":1959,"title":1960,"description":1961,"translated":1937},"\u002Fkb\u002Fgetting-started\u002Fquickstart","Quickstart","Build a portal frame, load it, solve it and read the bending moment diagram — about ten minutes from an empty tab.",{"path":1963,"title":1964,"description":1965,"translated":1937},"\u002Fkb\u002Fgetting-started\u002Fscope-and-limits","Scope and limits","What Elementarium models, solves and checks today, and what it does not — on one page, before you commit a job to it.",{"path":1967,"title":1968,"description":1969,"translated":1937},"\u002Fkb\u002Fgetting-started\u002Fsystem-requirements","System requirements","Which browsers and devices run Elementarium, how threading affects solve speed, and where the practical ceiling on model size comes from.",{"path":1971,"title":1972,"description":1973,"translated":1937},"\u002Fkb\u002Fgetting-started\u002Finterface-tour","Tour of the workspace","The ribbon, properties panel, dockable viewports, table dock, command palette and status bar — what each part of the editor is for.",{"path":1975,"title":1976,"description":1977,"translated":1937},"\u002Fkb\u002Fgetting-started\u002Funits","Units","How units work in Elementarium — SI inside, your unit system on screen — and the handful of conversions that cause most wrong answers in structural models.",{"path":1979,"title":1980,"description":1981,"translated":1937},"\u002Fkb\u002Fgetting-started\u002Ffirst-analysis","Your first analysis","Load cases, combinations and a linear static solve — then how to decide whether the answer is trustworthy.",{"path":1983,"slug":1984,"title":1985,"description":1986,"icon":1987,"articles":1988},"\u002Fkb\u002Fmodeling","modeling","Modeling","Bars, beams, 3D frames, slabs and walls. Geometry, sections, supports and releases that behave like the real structure.","lucide:frame",[1989,1993,1997,2001,2005,2009,2013,2017,2021],{"path":1990,"title":1991,"description":1992,"translated":1937},"\u002Fkb\u002Fmodeling\u002Fbars-beams-and-trusses","Bars, beams and trusses","When a member should be a bar and when a beam, how to model trusses and bracing, and what to do about members that only work in tension.",{"path":1994,"title":1995,"description":1996,"translated":1937},"\u002Fkb\u002Fmodeling\u002Fdrawings-and-snapping","Drawings & snapping","Importing a DXF as a reference underlay, choosing its units and plane, and snapping model geometry onto it accurately.",{"path":1998,"title":1999,"description":2000,"translated":1937},"\u002Fkb\u002Fmodeling\u002Felastic-foundations","Elastic foundations","Grade beams, strip footings and walls on ground as line supports on springs — choosing a subgrade modulus, and where the model stops being true.",{"path":2002,"title":2003,"description":2004,"translated":1937},"\u002Fkb\u002Fmodeling\u002Fplane-frames-in-3d","Plane frames in a 3D solver","When to use the 2D Frame and 2D Truss model types, why a flat structure in a 3D model is a mechanism, and how to restrain it.",{"path":2006,"title":2007,"description":2008,"translated":1937},"\u002Fkb\u002Fmodeling\u002Fsections-and-materials","Sections & materials","What a section and a material contribute to the stiffness matrix and the design checks, and the values worth checking twice.",{"path":2010,"title":2011,"description":2012,"translated":1937},"\u002Fkb\u002Fmodeling\u002Fsurfaces","Slabs, walls and shells","Modelling surfaces in Elementarium — outlines, openings and thickness, how a beam or a wall attaches to a slab, local axes, and what a surface result means.",{"path":2014,"title":2015,"description":2016,"translated":1937},"\u002Fkb\u002Fmodeling\u002Fstructure-generators","Structure generators","Thirty-five parametric structures — trusses, frames, arches, towers, domes and shells — generated from a few dimensions, with supports and loads.",{"path":2018,"title":2019,"description":2020,"translated":1937},"\u002Fkb\u002Fmodeling\u002Fsupports-and-releases","Supports & releases","Pins, fixities, springs and end releases — what each one does to the stiffness matrix, and when each is right.",{"path":2022,"title":2023,"description":2024,"translated":1937},"\u002Fkb\u002Fmodeling\u002Ffirst-model","Your first model","The modeling loop end to end — geometry, sections, supports and releases — on a structure small enough to check by hand.",{"path":2026,"slug":2027,"title":2028,"description":2029,"icon":2030,"articles":2031},"\u002Fkb\u002Fmeshing","meshing","Meshing","Mesh density, local refinement and the quality checks that tell you when a mesh is fine enough to trust.","lucide:grid-3x3",[2032,2036,2040],{"path":2033,"title":2034,"description":2035,"translated":1937},"\u002Fkb\u002Fmeshing\u002Felement-size","Choosing element size","Starting mesh densities for slabs, walls and rafts, and the convergence test that decides whether a mesh is fine enough.",{"path":2037,"title":2038,"description":2039,"translated":1937},"\u002Fkb\u002Fmeshing\u002Frefinement","Local refinement","Where to spend elements, where not to bother, and how to refine without wrecking element shape.",{"path":2041,"title":2042,"description":2043,"translated":1937},"\u002Fkb\u002Fmeshing\u002Fquality-checks","Mesh quality","Aspect ratio, skew and warping — what degrades a result, what the mesher reports, and how to tell whether the elements you are worried about matter.",{"path":2045,"slug":2046,"title":2047,"description":2048,"icon":2049,"articles":2050},"\u002Fkb\u002Floads","loads","Loads & combinations","Build load cases, generate code combinations automatically and find out which one actually governs.","lucide:arrow-down-to-line",[2051,2055,2058,2062,2066,2070,2074],{"path":2052,"title":2053,"description":2054,"translated":1937},"\u002Fkb\u002Floads\u002Fasce-7-combinations","ASCE 7 combinations","LRFD and ASD combinations to ASCE 7-22 — how the generator maps your load groups onto D, L, Lr, S, W and E, and pairing them with the AISC check.",{"path":177,"title":2056,"description":2057,"translated":1937},"Automatic combinations","Generating EN 1990 and ASCE 7 combinations, understanding the equations behind them, and reading the generated set critically.",{"path":2059,"title":2060,"description":2061,"translated":1937},"\u002Fkb\u002Floads\u002Fenvelopes","Envelopes","Extracting the governing value across dozens of combinations without reading every one — and the traps in doing so.",{"path":2063,"title":2064,"description":2065,"translated":1937},"\u002Fkb\u002Floads\u002Fload-cases","Load cases","Actions, self-weight, imposed loads and load arrangements — how to build cases that stay separable.",{"path":2067,"title":2068,"description":2069,"translated":1937},"\u002Fkb\u002Floads\u002Fload-panels","Load panels","Areas that hand a floor, roof or wall pressure to the members around them as line loads, one way or two way, without meshing a slab.",{"path":2071,"title":2072,"description":2073,"translated":1937},"\u002Fkb\u002Floads\u002Ftemperature-loads","Temperature loads","Uniform temperature change and through-depth gradients — what each does to a free and a restrained structure, and the coefficients to use.",{"path":2075,"title":2076,"description":2077,"translated":1937},"\u002Fkb\u002Floads\u002Fwind-and-snow","Wind and snow","Wind to EN 1991-1-4 and snow to EN 1991-1-3, generated on a building envelope — site inputs, recognised roof shapes, the cases produced, and the limits.",{"path":2079,"slug":2080,"title":2081,"description":2082,"icon":2083,"articles":2084},"\u002Fkb\u002Fanalysis","analysis","Analysis types","Linear static, modal, linear buckling and second-order — what each analysis assumes, what it returns and how to read the result.","lucide:activity",[2085,2089,2093,2096,2100,2104],{"path":2086,"title":2087,"description":2088,"translated":1937},"\u002Fkb\u002Fanalysis\u002Fsolvers","Choosing a linear solver","Conjugate gradients with Jacobi, incomplete Cholesky or multigrid, or a direct factorisation — what each does, how to watch it, and when the choice matters.",{"path":2090,"title":2091,"description":2092,"translated":1937},"\u002Fkb\u002Fanalysis\u002Fbuckling","Linear buckling","Critical load factors and buckling shapes — what α_cr means, why it is an upper bound, and how to use it for second-order effects.",{"path":2094,"title":1897,"description":2095,"translated":1937},"\u002Fkb\u002Fanalysis\u002Flinear-static","The workhorse analysis — what K u = f actually assumes, what it returns, and where linearity stops being a reasonable model.",{"path":2097,"title":2098,"description":2099,"translated":1937},"\u002Fkb\u002Fanalysis\u002Fmodal","Modal analysis","Natural frequencies and mode shapes — mass modelling, participation factors and what the numbers are good for.",{"path":2101,"title":2102,"description":2103,"translated":1937},"\u002Fkb\u002Fanalysis\u002Fsecond-order","Second-order analysis","P-Δ and P-δ solved by iteration, geometric imperfections to EN 1993-1-1 §5.3, and why a second-order result cannot be superposed.",{"path":2105,"title":2106,"description":2107,"translated":1937},"\u002Fkb\u002Fanalysis\u002Fverification","Verifying the solver","Closed-form cases you can build in ten minutes to test the solver — beams, frames, columns, plates, frequencies — with the expected error of each.",{"path":1911,"slug":2109,"title":96,"description":2110,"icon":2111,"articles":2112},"design-checks","Utilisation ratios, governing cases and the clause behind every number a check reports.","lucide:clipboard-check",[2113,2117,2121,2122,2126],{"path":2114,"title":2115,"description":2116,"translated":1937},"\u002Fkb\u002Fdesign-checks\u002Fnational-annexes","National annexes","Where nationally determined parameters change the answer, how to select the right annex, and what to state in the report.",{"path":2118,"title":2119,"description":2120,"translated":1937},"\u002Fkb\u002Fdesign-checks\u002Fsection-classification","Section classification","How EN 1993-1-1 Table 5.2 classifies a steel section, why the class depends on the combination, and what the check does with shapes it cannot classify.",{"path":1940,"title":6,"description":1933,"translated":1937},{"path":2123,"title":2124,"description":2125,"translated":1937},"\u002Fkb\u002Fdesign-checks\u002Faisc","Steel — AISC 360","Member strength to Chapters D to H, LRFD or ASD — compression buckling, lateral-torsional buckling and every C_b option written down.",{"path":17,"title":2127,"description":2128,"translated":1937},"Steel — EN 1993-1-1","Member resistance to §6.2 and §6.3 — what is checked at every station, where buckling lengths come from, and the clauses left to you.",{"path":2130,"slug":2131,"title":2132,"description":2133,"icon":2134,"articles":2135},"\u002Fkb\u002Freports","reports","Results & reports","Diagrams, contours and tables in the viewport, and the calculation package you hand to a reviewer.","lucide:file-chart-column",[2136,2139,2143,2147,2150,2154],{"path":1857,"title":2137,"description":2138,"translated":1937},"Exporting a report","Assembling a calculation package a reviewer can follow — inputs, model, results and checks, in the order a calc package should be.",{"path":2140,"title":2141,"description":2142,"translated":1937},"\u002Fkb\u002Freports\u002Fifc","IFC structural models","The IFC structural analysis view in and out — what IFC2X3, IFC4 and IFC4X3 files bring, what an export carries, and what IFC cannot say.",{"path":2144,"title":2145,"description":2146,"translated":1937},"\u002Fkb\u002Freports\u002Fexchange","Import & export formats","IFC structural models and SAF workbooks in and out, DXF as a reference drawing, result tables as CSV or xlsx, and an OOFEM input deck.",{"path":1891,"title":2148,"description":2149,"translated":1937},"Reading diagrams","Bending, shear and axial diagrams, contour plots and deformed shapes — the conventions behind what you are looking at.",{"path":2151,"title":2152,"description":2153,"translated":1937},"\u002Fkb\u002Freports\u002Fresult-tables","Result tables","Filtering, sorting and extracting numbers — getting the value you need out of a solved model without scrolling.",{"path":2155,"title":2156,"description":2157,"translated":1937},"\u002Fkb\u002Freports\u002Freviewing","Reviewing a calculation","For the checking engineer — how to interrogate a model you did not build, what the report guarantees, and the questions to ask first.",{"path":2159,"slug":2160,"title":2161,"description":2162,"icon":2163,"articles":2164},"\u002Fkb\u002Fcollaboration","collaboration","Collaboration & sync","Shared models, real-time editing, and offline edits that merge cleanly when you reconnect.","lucide:users-round",[2165,2169,2173,2177,2181],{"path":2166,"title":2167,"description":2168,"translated":1937},"\u002Fkb\u002Fcollaboration\u002Fcomments","Comments","Threads pinned to nodes, members, plates or points, @mentions, blocking comments that hold up a report, and the notifications they send.",{"path":2170,"title":2171,"description":2172,"translated":1937},"\u002Fkb\u002Fcollaboration\u002Fsharing-projects","Sharing a project","Inviting people to a model, what each role can do, and how to coordinate two engineers in the same structure.",{"path":2174,"title":2175,"description":2176,"translated":1937},"\u002Fkb\u002Fcollaboration\u002Fversion-history","Version history","Automatic checkpoints and named versions — how long they are kept, previewing an earlier state, and restoring it in place or as a new project.",{"path":2178,"title":2179,"description":2180,"translated":1937},"\u002Fkb\u002Fcollaboration\u002Fdevices","Working across devices","One account on every device — how a project follows you from desk to laptop, tablet or phone, and what changes on a small screen.",{"path":2182,"title":2183,"description":2184,"translated":1937},"\u002Fkb\u002Fcollaboration\u002Fworking-offline","Working offline","What keeps working with no connection, what does not, and how offline edits merge when you come back.",{"path":2186,"slug":2187,"title":2188,"description":2189,"icon":2190,"articles":2191},"\u002Fkb\u002Ftheory","theory","Theory notes","The mechanics inside the solver — element formulations, sign conventions, numerical assumptions and their limits.","lucide:sigma",[2192,2196,2200,2204,2208],{"path":2193,"title":2194,"description":2195,"translated":1937},"\u002Fkb\u002Ftheory\u002Felement-formulations","Element formulations","Degrees of freedom, interpolation and limits for every element type in the solver — what each one can represent and what it cannot.",{"path":2197,"title":2198,"description":2199,"translated":1937},"\u002Fkb\u002Ftheory\u002Fglossary","Glossary","Finite element and structural terms as Elementarium uses them, from degrees of freedom to MITC4 and utilisation, each linked to its page.",{"path":2201,"title":2202,"description":2203,"translated":1937},"\u002Fkb\u002Ftheory\u002Fsign-conventions","Sign conventions","Axes, positive directions and how to read a diagram without guessing — the page that prevents most result confusion.",{"path":2205,"title":2206,"description":2207,"translated":1937},"\u002Fkb\u002Ftheory\u002Fdirect-stiffness-method","The direct stiffness method","How a finite element solver turns a model into K u = f and back — stiffness, transformation, assembly, constraints, solution and recovery.",{"path":2209,"title":2210,"description":2211,"translated":1937},"\u002Fkb\u002Ftheory\u002Fwinkler-foundations","Winkler foundations","The bedding model behind elastic foundations — what it assumes, how to choose a modulus, and precisely where the idealisation stops being true.",{"path":2213,"slug":2214,"title":2215,"description":2216,"icon":2217,"articles":2218},"\u002Fkb\u002Ftroubleshooting","troubleshooting","Troubleshooting","Solver errors, unstable models and results that look wrong — with the usual causes listed first.","lucide:life-buoy",[2219,2223],{"path":2220,"title":2221,"description":2222,"translated":1937},"\u002Fkb\u002Ftroubleshooting\u002Fsolver-errors","Solver errors","What each class of solver message means, what usually causes it, and what to do next.",{"path":2224,"title":2225,"description":2226,"translated":1937},"\u002Fkb\u002Ftroubleshooting\u002Fsingular-stiffness-matrix","Why the solver reports a singular stiffness matrix","The most common solver failure — what singularity means mechanically, the six causes in order of frequency, and how to find yours in minutes.",{"path":2228,"slug":2229,"title":2230,"description":2231,"icon":2232,"articles":2233},"\u002Fkb\u002Faccount","account","Account & billing","Plans, limits, invoices, and what happens to your projects when a subscription ends.","lucide:credit-card",[2234,2238,2242,2245],{"path":2235,"title":2236,"description":2237,"translated":1937},"\u002Fkb\u002Faccount\u002Finvoices","Invoices & VAT","Billing details, receipts, VAT handling and how to get an invoice your accounts department will accept.",{"path":2239,"title":2240,"description":2241,"translated":1937},"\u002Fkb\u002Faccount\u002Fcancelling","Pausing or cancelling","How to stop paying without losing your work — what happens to projects, reports and history when a subscription ends.",{"path":108,"title":2243,"description":2244,"translated":1937},"Plans & limits","What the free plan includes, what Pro adds, and how the caps are actually measured.",{"path":2246,"title":2247,"description":2248,"translated":1937},"\u002Fkb\u002Faccount\u002Fstudent","Student accounts","A larger free tier for students and researchers — verify an academic email address, what it unlocks, and why it is re-confirmed every year.",[2250,2254,2258],{"path":2251,"title":2252,"description":2253,"translated":1937},"\u002Fkb\u002Ffaq","Frequently asked questions","The questions engineers ask before they trust a new finite element package — answered directly.",{"path":2255,"title":2256,"description":2257,"translated":1937},"\u002Fkb\u002Frelease-notes","Release notes","What shipped in the tab, and what it changes in your models.",{"path":2259,"title":2260,"description":2261,"translated":1937},"\u002Fkb\u002Fall","All articles","Every article in the Elementarium knowledge base, grouped by 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