[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":3529},["ShallowReactive",2],{"kb-en-\u002Fkb\u002Fdesign-checks\u002Fsection-classification":3,"kb-nav-en":3139},{"page":4,"fallback":3129},{"id":5,"title":6,"body":7,"description":3127,"extension":3128,"faq":3129,"meta":3130,"navigation":3131,"ogImage":3132,"order":3133,"path":3134,"raw":3129,"robots":3132,"schemaOrg":3132,"seo":3135,"sitemap":3136,"stem":3137,"__hash__":3138},"content_en\u002Fkb\u002Fdesign-checks\u002Fsection-classification.md","Section classification",{"type":8,"value":9,"toc":3112},"minimark",[10,163,168,465,468,471,475,507,726,745,857,861,867,1217,1223,1379,1418,1423,1682,1792,1795,2182,2185,2569,2652,2656,2659,2671,2675,2779,2782,2790,2990,2994,3002,3006,3031,3035],[11,12,13,14,18,19,24,25,162],"p",{},"Before a steel cross-section can be checked, EN 1993-1-1 asks which ",[15,16,17],"strong",{},"class"," it is. The\nclass decides whether the resistance is plastic or elastic, and therefore which modulus\nthe ",[20,21,23],"a",{"href":22},"\u002Fkb\u002Fdesign-checks\u002Fsteel","check"," divides the moment by. Getting it wrong in the\noptimistic direction costs about 10 to 15% for an I-section bent about its strong axis,\nand up to 50% about its weak axis, where ",[26,27,30],"span",{"className":28},[29],"katex",[26,31,35],{"className":32,"ariaHidden":34},[33],"katex-html","true",[26,36,39,44,109,113],{"className":37},[38],"base",[26,40],{"className":41,"style":43},[42],"strut","height:1.0361em;vertical-align:-0.2861em;",[26,45,48,54],{"className":46},[47],"mord",[26,49,53],{"className":50,"style":52},[47,51],"mathnormal","margin-right:0.1389em;","W",[26,55,58],{"className":56},[57],"msupsub",[26,59,63,100],{"className":60},[61,62],"vlist-t","vlist-t2",[26,64,67,95],{"className":65},[66],"vlist-r",[26,68,72],{"className":69,"style":71},[70],"vlist","height:0.3361em;",[26,73,75,80],{"style":74},"top:-2.55em;margin-left:-0.1389em;margin-right:0.05em;",[26,76],{"className":77,"style":79},[78],"pstrut","height:2.7em;",[26,81,87],{"className":82},[83,84,85,86],"sizing","reset-size6","size3","mtight",[26,88,90],{"className":89},[47,86],[26,91,94],{"className":92,"style":93},[47,51,86],"margin-right:0.0197em;","pl",[26,96,99],{"className":97},[98],"vlist-s","​",[26,101,103],{"className":102},[66],[26,104,107],{"className":105,"style":106},[70],"height:0.2861em;",[26,108],{},[26,110,112],{"className":111},[47],"\u002F",[26,114,116,119],{"className":115},[47],[26,117,53],{"className":118,"style":52},[47,51],[26,120,122],{"className":121},[57],[26,123,125,153],{"className":124},[61,62],[26,126,128,150],{"className":127},[66],[26,129,131],{"className":130,"style":71},[70],[26,132,133,136],{"style":74},[26,134],{"className":135,"style":79},[78],[26,137,139],{"className":138},[83,84,85,86],[26,140,142,146],{"className":141},[47,86],[26,143,145],{"className":144},[47,51,86],"e",[26,147,149],{"className":148,"style":93},[47,51,86],"l",[26,151,99],{"className":152},[98],[26,154,156],{"className":155},[66],[26,157,160],{"className":158,"style":159},[70],"height:0.15em;",[26,161],{}," is about 1.5.",[164,165,167],"h2",{"id":166},"the-four-classes","The four classes",[169,170,171,187],"table",{},[172,173,174],"thead",{},[175,176,177,181,184],"tr",{},[178,179,180],"th",{},"Class",[178,182,183],{},"Behaviour",[178,185,186],{},"Bending resistance uses",[188,189,190,257,322,391],"tbody",{},[175,191,192,196,199],{},[193,194,195],"td",{},"1",[193,197,198],{},"Forms a plastic hinge with the rotation capacity plastic analysis needs",[193,200,201],{},[26,202,204],{"className":203},[29],[26,205,207],{"className":206,"ariaHidden":34},[33],[26,208,210,214],{"className":209},[38],[26,211],{"className":212,"style":213},[42],"height:0.9694em;vertical-align:-0.2861em;",[26,215,217,220],{"className":216},[47],[26,218,53],{"className":219,"style":52},[47,51],[26,221,223],{"className":222},[57],[26,224,226,249],{"className":225},[61,62],[26,227,229,246],{"className":228},[66],[26,230,232],{"className":231,"style":71},[70],[26,233,234,237],{"style":74},[26,235],{"className":236,"style":79},[78],[26,238,240],{"className":239},[83,84,85,86],[26,241,243],{"className":242},[47,86],[26,244,94],{"className":245,"style":93},[47,51,86],[26,247,99],{"className":248},[98],[26,250,252],{"className":251},[66],[26,253,255],{"className":254,"style":106},[70],[26,256],{},[175,258,259,262,265],{},[193,260,261],{},"2",[193,263,264],{},"Reaches the plastic moment, but local buckling limits rotation",[193,266,267],{},[26,268,270],{"className":269},[29],[26,271,273],{"className":272,"ariaHidden":34},[33],[26,274,276,279],{"className":275},[38],[26,277],{"className":278,"style":213},[42],[26,280,282,285],{"className":281},[47],[26,283,53],{"className":284,"style":52},[47,51],[26,286,288],{"className":287},[57],[26,289,291,314],{"className":290},[61,62],[26,292,294,311],{"className":293},[66],[26,295,297],{"className":296,"style":71},[70],[26,298,299,302],{"style":74},[26,300],{"className":301,"style":79},[78],[26,303,305],{"className":304},[83,84,85,86],[26,306,308],{"className":307},[47,86],[26,309,94],{"className":310,"style":93},[47,51,86],[26,312,99],{"className":313},[98],[26,315,317],{"className":316},[66],[26,318,320],{"className":319,"style":106},[70],[26,321],{},[175,323,324,327,330],{},[193,325,326],{},"3",[193,328,329],{},"Reaches yield in the extreme fibre; local buckling prevents the plastic moment",[193,331,332],{},[26,333,335],{"className":334},[29],[26,336,338],{"className":337,"ariaHidden":34},[33],[26,339,341,345],{"className":340},[38],[26,342],{"className":343,"style":344},[42],"height:0.8333em;vertical-align:-0.15em;",[26,346,348,351],{"className":347},[47],[26,349,53],{"className":350,"style":52},[47,51],[26,352,354],{"className":353},[57],[26,355,357,383],{"className":356},[61,62],[26,358,360,380],{"className":359},[66],[26,361,363],{"className":362,"style":71},[70],[26,364,365,368],{"style":74},[26,366],{"className":367,"style":79},[78],[26,369,371],{"className":370},[83,84,85,86],[26,372,374,377],{"className":373},[47,86],[26,375,145],{"className":376},[47,51,86],[26,378,149],{"className":379,"style":93},[47,51,86],[26,381,99],{"className":382},[98],[26,384,386],{"className":385},[66],[26,387,389],{"className":388,"style":159},[70],[26,390],{},[175,392,393,396,399],{},[193,394,395],{},"4",[193,397,398],{},"Local buckling before yield in one or more parts",[193,400,401,464],{},[26,402,404],{"className":403},[29],[26,405,407],{"className":406,"ariaHidden":34},[33],[26,408,410,413],{"className":409},[38],[26,411],{"className":412,"style":213},[42],[26,414,416,419],{"className":415},[47],[26,417,53],{"className":418,"style":52},[47,51],[26,420,422],{"className":421},[57],[26,423,425,456],{"className":424},[61,62],[26,426,428,453],{"className":427},[66],[26,429,431],{"className":430,"style":71},[70],[26,432,433,436],{"style":74},[26,434],{"className":435,"style":79},[78],[26,437,439],{"className":438},[83,84,85,86],[26,440,442,445,450],{"className":441},[47,86],[26,443,145],{"className":444},[47,51,86],[26,446,449],{"className":447,"style":448},[47,51,86],"margin-right:0.1076em;","f",[26,451,449],{"className":452,"style":448},[47,51,86],[26,454,99],{"className":455},[98],[26,457,459],{"className":458},[66],[26,460,462],{"className":461,"style":106},[70],[26,463],{}," — an effective section",[466,467],"diagram-section-classes",{},[11,469,470],{},"Classes 1 and 2 give the same cross-section resistance in this module; the distinction\nmatters for plastic global analysis, which is not in this release. Class 3 gives the\nelastic resistance. Class 4 is verified on an effective section to EN 1993-1-5 §4.4, for\ndoubly symmetric I and H and rectangular hollow sections.",[164,472,474],{"id":473},"where-the-limits-come-from","Where the limits come from",[11,476,477,478,481,482,506],{},"A section is classified by its ",[15,479,480],{},"compressed parts",". Each flange outstand and each\ninternal web panel is compared, as a width-to-thickness ratio ",[26,483,485],{"className":484},[29],[26,486,488],{"className":487,"ariaHidden":34},[33],[26,489,491,495,499,502],{"className":490},[38],[26,492],{"className":493,"style":494},[42],"height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;",[26,496,498],{"className":497},[47,51],"c",[26,500,112],{"className":501},[47],[26,503,505],{"className":504},[47,51],"t",", against a limit that\nscales with",[26,508,511],{"className":509},[510],"katex-display",[26,512,514],{"className":513},[29],[26,515,517,541],{"className":516,"ariaHidden":34},[33],[26,518,520,524,528,533,538],{"className":519},[38],[26,521],{"className":522,"style":523},[42],"height:0.4306em;",[26,525,527],{"className":526},[47,51],"ε",[26,529],{"className":530,"style":532},[531],"mspace","margin-right:0.2778em;",[26,534,537],{"className":535},[536],"mrel","=",[26,539],{"className":540,"style":532},[531],[26,542,544,548],{"className":543},[38],[26,545],{"className":546,"style":547},[42],"height:3.04em;vertical-align:-1.2315em;",[26,549,552],{"className":550},[47,551],"sqrt",[26,553,555,717],{"className":554},[61,62],[26,556,558,714],{"className":557},[66],[26,559,562,691],{"className":560,"style":561},[70],"height:1.8085em;",[26,563,567,571],{"className":564,"style":566},[565],"svg-align","top:-5em;",[26,568],{"className":569,"style":570},[78],"height:5em;",[26,572,575],{"className":573,"style":574},[47],"padding-left:1em;",[26,576,578,583,687],{"className":577},[47],[26,579],{"className":580},[581,582],"mopen","nulldelimiter",[26,584,587],{"className":585},[586],"mfrac",[26,588,590,678],{"className":589},[61,62],[26,591,593,675],{"className":592},[66],[26,594,597,651,662],{"className":595,"style":596},[70],"height:1.3214em;",[26,598,600,604],{"style":599},"top:-2.314em;",[26,601],{"className":602,"style":603},[78],"height:3em;",[26,605,607],{"className":606},[47],[26,608,610,613],{"className":609},[47],[26,611,449],{"className":612,"style":448},[47,51],[26,614,616],{"className":615},[57],[26,617,619,643],{"className":618},[61,62],[26,620,622,640],{"className":621},[66],[26,623,626],{"className":624,"style":625},[70],"height:0.1514em;",[26,627,629,632],{"style":628},"top:-2.55em;margin-left:-0.1076em;margin-right:0.05em;",[26,630],{"className":631,"style":79},[78],[26,633,635],{"className":634},[83,84,85,86],[26,636,639],{"className":637,"style":638},[47,51,86],"margin-right:0.0359em;","y",[26,641,99],{"className":642},[98],[26,644,646],{"className":645},[66],[26,647,649],{"className":648,"style":106},[70],[26,650],{},[26,652,654,657],{"style":653},"top:-3.23em;",[26,655],{"className":656,"style":603},[78],[26,658],{"className":659,"style":661},[660],"frac-line","border-bottom-width:0.04em;",[26,663,665,668],{"style":664},"top:-3.677em;",[26,666],{"className":667,"style":603},[78],[26,669,671],{"className":670},[47],[26,672,674],{"className":673},[47],"235",[26,676,99],{"className":677},[98],[26,679,681],{"className":680},[66],[26,682,685],{"className":683,"style":684},[70],"height:0.9721em;",[26,686],{},[26,688],{"className":689},[690,582],"mclose",[26,692,694,697],{"style":693},"top:-3.7685em;",[26,695],{"className":696,"style":570},[78],[26,698,702],{"className":699,"style":701},[700],"hide-tail","min-width:1.02em;height:3.08em;",[703,704,710],"svg",{"xmlns":705,"width":706,"height":707,"viewBox":708,"preserveAspectRatio":709},"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F2000\u002Fsvg","400em","3.08em","0 0 400000 3240","xMinYMin slice",[711,712],"path",{"d":713},"M473,2793\nc339.3,-1799.3,509.3,-2700,510,-2702 l0 -0\nc3.3,-7.3,9.3,-11,18,-11 H400000v40H1017.7\ns-90.5,478,-276.2,1466c-185.7,988,-279.5,1483,-281.5,1485c-2,6,-10,9,-24,9\nc-8,0,-12,-0.7,-12,-2c0,-1.3,-5.3,-32,-16,-92c-50.7,-293.3,-119.7,-693.3,-207,-1200\nc0,-1.3,-5.3,8.7,-16,30c-10.7,21.3,-21.3,42.7,-32,64s-16,33,-16,33s-26,-26,-26,-26\ns76,-153,76,-153s77,-151,77,-151c0.7,0.7,35.7,202,105,604c67.3,400.7,102,602.7,104,\n606zM1001 80h400000v40H1017.7z",[26,715,99],{"className":716},[98],[26,718,720],{"className":719},[66],[26,721,724],{"className":722,"style":723},[70],"height:1.2315em;",[26,725],{},[11,727,728,729,744],{},"Higher-strength steel gets a smaller ",[26,730,732],{"className":731},[29],[26,733,735],{"className":734,"ariaHidden":34},[33],[26,736,738,741],{"className":737},[38],[26,739],{"className":740,"style":523},[42],[26,742,527],{"className":743},[47,51]," and therefore tighter limits: a section\nthat is Class 1 in S235 can be Class 2 or 3 in S460 with no change to its geometry.",[169,746,747,821],{},[172,748,749],{},[175,750,751,807,809,812,815,818],{},[178,752,753,806],{},[26,754,756],{"className":755},[29],[26,757,759],{"className":758,"ariaHidden":34},[33],[26,760,762,766],{"className":761},[38],[26,763],{"className":764,"style":765},[42],"height:0.9805em;vertical-align:-0.2861em;",[26,767,769,772],{"className":768},[47],[26,770,449],{"className":771,"style":448},[47,51],[26,773,775],{"className":774},[57],[26,776,778,798],{"className":777},[61,62],[26,779,781,795],{"className":780},[66],[26,782,784],{"className":783,"style":625},[70],[26,785,786,789],{"style":628},[26,787],{"className":788,"style":79},[78],[26,790,792],{"className":791},[83,84,85,86],[26,793,639],{"className":794,"style":638},[47,51,86],[26,796,99],{"className":797},[98],[26,799,801],{"className":800},[66],[26,802,804],{"className":803,"style":106},[70],[26,805],{}," (MPa)",[178,808,674],{},[178,810,811],{},"275",[178,813,814],{},"355",[178,816,817],{},"420",[178,819,820],{},"460",[188,822,823],{},[175,824,825,842,845,848,851,854],{},[193,826,827],{},[26,828,830],{"className":829},[29],[26,831,833],{"className":832,"ariaHidden":34},[33],[26,834,836,839],{"className":835},[38],[26,837],{"className":838,"style":523},[42],[26,840,527],{"className":841},[47,51],[193,843,844],{},"1.00",[193,846,847],{},"0.92",[193,849,850],{},"0.81",[193,852,853],{},"0.75",[193,855,856],{},"0.71",[164,858,860],{"id":859},"table-52-for-doubly-symmetric-i-and-h-sections","Table 5.2 for doubly symmetric I and H sections",[11,862,863,866],{},[15,864,865],{},"Internal compression parts"," (the web of an I-section):",[169,868,869,885],{},[172,870,871],{},[175,872,873,876,879,882],{},[178,874,875],{},"Stress distribution",[178,877,878],{},"Class 1",[178,880,881],{},"Class 2",[178,883,884],{},"Class 3",[188,886,887,1029,1169],{},[175,888,889,892,939,984],{},[193,890,891],{},"Pure bending",[193,893,894],{},[26,895,897],{"className":896},[29],[26,898,900,925],{"className":899,"ariaHidden":34},[33],[26,901,903,906,909,912,915,918,922],{"className":902},[38],[26,904],{"className":905,"style":494},[42],[26,907,498],{"className":908},[47,51],[26,910,112],{"className":911},[47],[26,913,505],{"className":914},[47,51],[26,916],{"className":917,"style":532},[531],[26,919,921],{"className":920},[536],"≤",[26,923],{"className":924,"style":532},[531],[26,926,928,932,936],{"className":927},[38],[26,929],{"className":930,"style":931},[42],"height:0.6444em;",[26,933,935],{"className":934},[47],"72",[26,937,527],{"className":938},[47,51],[193,940,941],{},[26,942,944],{"className":943},[29],[26,945,947,971],{"className":946,"ariaHidden":34},[33],[26,948,950,953,956,959,962,965,968],{"className":949},[38],[26,951],{"className":952,"style":494},[42],[26,954,498],{"className":955},[47,51],[26,957,112],{"className":958},[47],[26,960,505],{"className":961},[47,51],[26,963],{"className":964,"style":532},[531],[26,966,921],{"className":967},[536],[26,969],{"className":970,"style":532},[531],[26,972,974,977,981],{"className":973},[38],[26,975],{"className":976,"style":931},[42],[26,978,980],{"className":979},[47],"83",[26,982,527],{"className":983},[47,51],[193,985,986],{},[26,987,989],{"className":988},[29],[26,990,992,1016],{"className":991,"ariaHidden":34},[33],[26,993,995,998,1001,1004,1007,1010,1013],{"className":994},[38],[26,996],{"className":997,"style":494},[42],[26,999,498],{"className":1000},[47,51],[26,1002,112],{"className":1003},[47],[26,1005,505],{"className":1006},[47,51],[26,1008],{"className":1009,"style":532},[531],[26,1011,921],{"className":1012},[536],[26,1014],{"className":1015,"style":532},[531],[26,1017,1019,1022,1026],{"className":1018},[38],[26,1020],{"className":1021,"style":931},[42],[26,1023,1025],{"className":1024},[47],"124",[26,1027,527],{"className":1028},[47,51],[175,1030,1031,1034,1079,1124],{},[193,1032,1033],{},"Pure compression",[193,1035,1036],{},[26,1037,1039],{"className":1038},[29],[26,1040,1042,1066],{"className":1041,"ariaHidden":34},[33],[26,1043,1045,1048,1051,1054,1057,1060,1063],{"className":1044},[38],[26,1046],{"className":1047,"style":494},[42],[26,1049,498],{"className":1050},[47,51],[26,1052,112],{"className":1053},[47],[26,1055,505],{"className":1056},[47,51],[26,1058],{"className":1059,"style":532},[531],[26,1061,921],{"className":1062},[536],[26,1064],{"className":1065,"style":532},[531],[26,1067,1069,1072,1076],{"className":1068},[38],[26,1070],{"className":1071,"style":931},[42],[26,1073,1075],{"className":1074},[47],"33",[26,1077,527],{"className":1078},[47,51],[193,1080,1081],{},[26,1082,1084],{"className":1083},[29],[26,1085,1087,1111],{"className":1086,"ariaHidden":34},[33],[26,1088,1090,1093,1096,1099,1102,1105,1108],{"className":1089},[38],[26,1091],{"className":1092,"style":494},[42],[26,1094,498],{"className":1095},[47,51],[26,1097,112],{"className":1098},[47],[26,1100,505],{"className":1101},[47,51],[26,1103],{"className":1104,"style":532},[531],[26,1106,921],{"className":1107},[536],[26,1109],{"className":1110,"style":532},[531],[26,1112,1114,1117,1121],{"className":1113},[38],[26,1115],{"className":1116,"style":931},[42],[26,1118,1120],{"className":1119},[47],"38",[26,1122,527],{"className":1123},[47,51],[193,1125,1126],{},[26,1127,1129],{"className":1128},[29],[26,1130,1132,1156],{"className":1131,"ariaHidden":34},[33],[26,1133,1135,1138,1141,1144,1147,1150,1153],{"className":1134},[38],[26,1136],{"className":1137,"style":494},[42],[26,1139,498],{"className":1140},[47,51],[26,1142,112],{"className":1143},[47],[26,1145,505],{"className":1146},[47,51],[26,1148],{"className":1149,"style":532},[531],[26,1151,921],{"className":1152},[536],[26,1154],{"className":1155,"style":532},[531],[26,1157,1159,1162,1166],{"className":1158},[38],[26,1160],{"className":1161,"style":931},[42],[26,1163,1165],{"className":1164},[47],"42",[26,1167,527],{"className":1168},[47,51],[175,1170,1171,1174,1213,1215],{},[193,1172,1173],{},"Bending and compression",[193,1175,1176,1177,1194,1195,1212],{},"Between the two, by ",[26,1178,1180],{"className":1179},[29],[26,1181,1183],{"className":1182,"ariaHidden":34},[33],[26,1184,1186,1189],{"className":1185},[38],[26,1187],{"className":1188,"style":523},[42],[26,1190,1193],{"className":1191,"style":1192},[47,51],"margin-right:0.0037em;","α"," (plastic) or ",[26,1196,1198],{"className":1197},[29],[26,1199,1201],{"className":1200,"ariaHidden":34},[33],[26,1202,1204,1208],{"className":1203},[38],[26,1205],{"className":1206,"style":1207},[42],"height:0.8889em;vertical-align:-0.1944em;",[26,1209,1211],{"className":1210,"style":638},[47,51],"ψ"," (elastic)",[193,1214],{},[193,1216],{},[11,1218,1219,1222],{},[15,1220,1221],{},"Outstand flanges"," (half the flange width less the root radius and half the web):",[169,1224,1225,1237],{},[172,1226,1227],{},[175,1228,1229,1231,1233,1235],{},[178,1230,875],{},[178,1232,878],{},[178,1234,881],{},[178,1236,884],{},[188,1238,1239],{},[175,1240,1241,1244,1289,1334],{},[193,1242,1243],{},"Uniform compression",[193,1245,1246],{},[26,1247,1249],{"className":1248},[29],[26,1250,1252,1276],{"className":1251,"ariaHidden":34},[33],[26,1253,1255,1258,1261,1264,1267,1270,1273],{"className":1254},[38],[26,1256],{"className":1257,"style":494},[42],[26,1259,498],{"className":1260},[47,51],[26,1262,112],{"className":1263},[47],[26,1265,505],{"className":1266},[47,51],[26,1268],{"className":1269,"style":532},[531],[26,1271,921],{"className":1272},[536],[26,1274],{"className":1275,"style":532},[531],[26,1277,1279,1282,1286],{"className":1278},[38],[26,1280],{"className":1281,"style":931},[42],[26,1283,1285],{"className":1284},[47],"9",[26,1287,527],{"className":1288},[47,51],[193,1290,1291],{},[26,1292,1294],{"className":1293},[29],[26,1295,1297,1321],{"className":1296,"ariaHidden":34},[33],[26,1298,1300,1303,1306,1309,1312,1315,1318],{"className":1299},[38],[26,1301],{"className":1302,"style":494},[42],[26,1304,498],{"className":1305},[47,51],[26,1307,112],{"className":1308},[47],[26,1310,505],{"className":1311},[47,51],[26,1313],{"className":1314,"style":532},[531],[26,1316,921],{"className":1317},[536],[26,1319],{"className":1320,"style":532},[531],[26,1322,1324,1327,1331],{"className":1323},[38],[26,1325],{"className":1326,"style":931},[42],[26,1328,1330],{"className":1329},[47],"10",[26,1332,527],{"className":1333},[47,51],[193,1335,1336],{},[26,1337,1339],{"className":1338},[29],[26,1340,1342,1366],{"className":1341,"ariaHidden":34},[33],[26,1343,1345,1348,1351,1354,1357,1360,1363],{"className":1344},[38],[26,1346],{"className":1347,"style":494},[42],[26,1349,498],{"className":1350},[47,51],[26,1352,112],{"className":1353},[47],[26,1355,505],{"className":1356},[47,51],[26,1358],{"className":1359,"style":532},[531],[26,1361,921],{"className":1362},[536],[26,1364],{"className":1365,"style":532},[531],[26,1367,1369,1372,1376],{"className":1368},[38],[26,1370],{"className":1371,"style":931},[42],[26,1373,1375],{"className":1374},[47],"14",[26,1377,527],{"className":1378},[47,51],[11,1380,1381,1396,1397,1413,1414,1417],{},[26,1382,1384],{"className":1383},[29],[26,1385,1387],{"className":1386,"ariaHidden":34},[33],[26,1388,1390,1393],{"className":1389},[38],[26,1391],{"className":1392,"style":523},[42],[26,1394,498],{"className":1395},[47,51]," is the flat width of the part (for a rolled section, the web depth between the fillets\nand the flange outstand beyond the fillet) and ",[26,1398,1400],{"className":1399},[29],[26,1401,1403],{"className":1402,"ariaHidden":34},[33],[26,1404,1406,1410],{"className":1405},[38],[26,1407],{"className":1408,"style":1409},[42],"height:0.6151em;",[26,1411,505],{"className":1412},[47,51]," its thickness. The section is the class\nof its ",[15,1415,1416],{},"worst"," part.",[1419,1420,1422],"h3",{"id":1421},"worked-example","Worked example",[11,1424,1425,1426,1462,1463,1462,1498,1462,1573,1462,1645,1681],{},"IPE 400 in S355: ",[26,1427,1429],{"className":1428},[29],[26,1430,1432,1452],{"className":1431,"ariaHidden":34},[33],[26,1433,1435,1439,1443,1446,1449],{"className":1434},[38],[26,1436],{"className":1437,"style":1438},[42],"height:0.6944em;",[26,1440,1442],{"className":1441},[47,51],"h",[26,1444],{"className":1445,"style":532},[531],[26,1447,537],{"className":1448},[536],[26,1450],{"className":1451,"style":532},[531],[26,1453,1455,1458],{"className":1454},[38],[26,1456],{"className":1457,"style":931},[42],[26,1459,1461],{"className":1460},[47],"400",", 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mm.",[26,1683,1685],{"className":1684},[510],[26,1686,1688],{"className":1687},[29],[26,1689,1691,1709,1782],{"className":1690,"ariaHidden":34},[33],[26,1692,1694,1697,1700,1703,1706],{"className":1693},[38],[26,1695],{"className":1696,"style":523},[42],[26,1698,527],{"className":1699},[47,51],[26,1701],{"className":1702,"style":532},[531],[26,1704,537],{"className":1705},[536],[26,1707],{"className":1708,"style":532},[531],[26,1710,1712,1716,1773,1776,1779],{"className":1711},[38],[26,1713],{"className":1714,"style":1715},[42],"height:1.24em;vertical-align:-0.2561em;",[26,1717,1719],{"className":1718},[47,551],[26,1720,1722,1764],{"className":1721},[61,62],[26,1723,1725,1761],{"className":1724},[66],[26,1726,1729,1744],{"className":1727,"style":1728},[70],"height:0.9839em;",[26,1730,1733,1737],{"className":1731,"style":1732},[565],"top:-3.2em;",[26,1734],{"className":1735,"style":1736},[78],"height:3.2em;",[26,1738,1740],{"className":1739,"style":574},[47],[26,1741,1743],{"className":1742},[47],"235\u002F355",[26,1745,1747,1750],{"style":1746},"top:-2.9439em;",[26,1748],{"className":1749,"style":1736},[78],[26,1751,1754],{"className":1752,"style":1753},[700],"min-width:1.02em;height:1.28em;",[703,1755,1758],{"xmlns":705,"width":706,"height":1756,"viewBox":1757,"preserveAspectRatio":709},"1.28em","0 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bending:",[26,1796,1798],{"className":1797},[510],[26,1799,1801],{"className":1800},[29],[26,1802,1804],{"className":1803,"ariaHidden":34},[33],[26,1805,1807,1811],{"className":1806},[38],[26,1808],{"className":1809,"style":1810},[42],"height:2.7em;vertical-align:-1.1em;",[26,1812,1814],{"className":1813},[47],[26,1815,1818,1911],{"className":1816},[1817],"mtable",[26,1819,1822],{"className":1820},[1821],"col-align-r",[26,1823,1825,1902],{"className":1824},[61,62],[26,1826,1828,1899],{"className":1827},[66],[26,1829,1832,1844],{"className":1830,"style":1831},[70],"height:1.6em;",[26,1833,1835,1838],{"style":1834},"top:-3.76em;",[26,1836],{"className":1837,"style":603},[78],[26,1839,1841],{"className":1840},[47],[26,1842,498],{"className":1843},[47,51],[26,1845,1847,1850],{"style":1846},"top:-2.26em;",[26,1848],{"className":1849,"style":603},[78],[26,1851,1853,1856,1859],{"className":1852},[47],[26,1854,498],{"className":1855},[47,51],[26,1857,112],{"className":1858},[47],[26,1860,1862,1865],{"className":1861},[47],[26,1863,505],{"className":1864},[47,51],[26,1866,1868],{"className":1867},[57],[26,1869,1871,1891],{"className":1870},[61,62],[26,1872,1874,1888],{"className":1873},[66],[26,1875,1877],{"className":1876,"style":625},[70],[26,1878,1879,1882],{"style":1531},[26,1880],{"className":1881,"style":79},[78],[26,1883,1885],{"className":1884},[83,84,85,86],[26,1886,1542],{"className":1887,"style":1541},[47,51,86],[26,1889,99],{"className":1890},[98],[26,1892,1894],{"className":1893},[66],[26,1895,1897],{"className":1896,"style":159},[70],[26,1898],{},[26,1900,99],{"className":1901},[98],[26,1903,1905],{"className":1904},[66],[26,1906,1909],{"className":1907,"style":1908},[70],"height:1.1em;",[26,1910],{},[26,1912,1915],{"className":1913},[1914],"col-align-l",[26,1916,1918,2174],{"className":1917},[61,62],[26,1919,1921,2171],{"className":1920},[66],[26,1922,1924,2079],{"className":1923,"style":1831},[70],[26,1925,1926,1929],{"style":1834},[26,1927],{"className":1928,"style":603},[78],[26,1930,1932,1935,1938,1941,1944,1947,1951,1956,1959,1962,2002,2005,2008,2011,2014,2017,2020,2023,2026,2029,2032,2035,2038,2042,2045,2048,2051,2054,2057,2060,2063,2067,2071],{"className":1931},[47],[26,1933],{"className":1934},[47],[26,1936],{"className":1937,"style":532},[531],[26,1939,537],{"className":1940},[536],[26,1942],{"className":1943,"style":532},[531],[26,1945,1442],{"className":1946},[47,51],[26,1948],{"className":1949,"style":1950},[531],"margin-right:0.2222em;",[26,1952,1955],{"className":1953},[1954],"mbin","−",[26,1957],{"className":1958,"style":1950},[531],[26,1960,261],{"className":1961},[47],[26,1963,1965,1968],{"className":1964},[47],[26,1966,505],{"className":1967},[47,51],[26,1969,1971],{"className":1970},[57],[26,1972,1974,1994],{"className":1973},[61,62],[26,1975,1977,1991],{"className":1976},[66],[26,1978,1980],{"className":1979,"style":71},[70],[26,1981,1982,1985],{"style":1531},[26,1983],{"className":1984,"style":79},[78],[26,1986,1988],{"className":1987},[83,84,85,86],[26,1989,449],{"className":1990,"style":448},[47,51,86],[26,1992,99],{"className":1993},[98],[26,1995,1997],{"className":1996},[66],[26,1998,2000],{"className":1999,"style":106},[70],[26,2001],{},[26,2003],{"className":2004,"style":1950},[531],[26,2006,1955],{"className":2007},[1954],[26,2009],{"className":2010,"style":1950},[531],[26,2012,261],{"className":2013},[47],[26,2015,1661],{"className":2016,"style":1660},[47,51],[26,2018],{"className":2019,"style":532},[531],[26,2021,537],{"className":2022},[536],[26,2024],{"className":2025,"style":532},[531],[26,2027,1461],{"className":2028},[47],[26,2030],{"className":2031,"style":1950},[531],[26,2033,1955],{"className":2034},[1954],[26,2036],{"className":2037,"style":1950},[531],[26,2039,2041],{"className":2040},[47],"27",[26,2043],{"className":2044,"style":1950},[531],[26,2046,1955],{"className":2047},[1954],[26,2049],{"className":2050,"style":1950},[531],[26,2052,1165],{"className":2053},[47],[26,2055],{"className":2056,"style":532},[531],[26,2058,537],{"className":2059},[536],[26,2061],{"className":2062,"style":532},[531],[26,2064,2066],{"className":2065},[47],"331",[26,2068,2070],{"className":2069},[531]," ",[26,2072,2075],{"className":2073},[47,2074],"text",[26,2076,2078],{"className":2077},[47],"mm",[26,2080,2081,2084],{"style":1846},[26,2082],{"className":2083,"style":603},[78],[26,2085,2087,2090,2093,2096,2099,2103,2106,2109,2112,2116,2119,2122,2125,2128,2131,2134,2137,2140,2143,2146,2150,2154,2157,2161,2164],{"className":2086},[47],[26,2088],{"className":2089},[47],[26,2091],{"className":2092,"style":532},[531],[26,2094,537],{"className":2095},[536],[26,2097],{"className":2098,"style":532},[531],[26,2100,2102],{"className":2101},[47],"331\u002F8.6",[26,2104],{"className":2105,"style":532},[531],[26,2107,537],{"className":2108},[536],[26,2110],{"className":2111,"style":532},[531],[26,2113,2115],{"className":2114},[47],"38.5",[26,2117],{"className":2118,"style":532},[531],[26,2120],{"className":2121,"style":532},[531],[26,2123,921],{"className":2124},[536],[26,2126],{"className":2127,"style":532},[531],[26,2129],{"className":2130,"style":532},[531],[26,2132,935],{"className":2133},[47],[26,2135,527],{"className":2136},[47,51],[26,2138],{"className":2139,"style":532},[531],[26,2141,537],{"className":2142},[536],[26,2144],{"className":2145,"style":532},[531],[26,2147,2149],{"className":2148},[47],"58.6",[26,2151],{"className":2152,"style":2153},[531],"margin-right:1em;",[26,2155],{"className":2156,"style":532},[531],[26,2158,2160],{"className":2159},[536],"⇒",[26,2162],{"className":2163,"style":532},[531],[26,2165,2167],{"className":2166},[47,2074],[26,2168,2170],{"className":2169},[47],"Class 1",[26,2172,99],{"className":2173},[98],[26,2175,2177],{"className":2176},[66],[26,2178,2180],{"className":2179,"style":1908},[70],[26,2181],{},[11,2183,2184],{},"Flange:",[26,2186,2188],{"className":2187},[510],[26,2189,2191],{"className":2190},[29],[26,2192,2194],{"className":2193,"ariaHidden":34},[33],[26,2195,2197,2200],{"className":2196},[38],[26,2198],{"className":2199,"style":1810},[42],[26,2201,2203],{"className":2202},[47],[26,2204,2206,2294],{"className":2205},[1817],[26,2207,2209],{"className":2208},[1821],[26,2210,2212,2286],{"className":2211},[61,62],[26,2213,2215,2283],{"className":2214},[66],[26,2216,2218,2229],{"className":2217,"style":1831},[70],[26,2219,2220,2223],{"style":1834},[26,2221],{"className":2222,"style":603},[78],[26,2224,2226],{"className":2225},[47],[26,2227,498],{"className":2228},[47,51],[26,2230,2231,2234],{"style":1846},[26,2232],{"className":2233,"style":603},[78],[26,2235,2237,2240,2243],{"className":2236},[47],[26,2238,498],{"className":2239},[47,51],[26,2241,112],{"className":2242},[47],[26,2244,2246,2249],{"className":2245},[47],[26,2247,505],{"className":2248},[47,51],[26,2250,2252],{"className":2251},[57],[26,2253,2255,2275],{"className":2254},[61,62],[26,2256,2258,2272],{"className":2257},[66],[26,2259,2261],{"className":2260,"style":71},[70],[26,2262,2263,2266],{"style":1531},[26,2264],{"className":2265,"style":79},[78],[26,2267,2269],{"className":2268},[83,84,85,86],[26,2270,449],{"className":2271,"style":448},[47,51,86],[26,2273,99],{"className":2274},[98],[26,2276,2278],{"className":2277},[66],[26,2279,2281],{"className":2280,"style":106},[70],[26,2282],{},[26,2284,99],{"className":2285},[98],[26,2287,2289],{"className":2288},[66],[26,2290,2292],{"className":2291,"style":1908},[70],[26,2293],{},[26,2295,2297],{"className":2296},[1914],[26,2298,2300,2561],{"className":2299},[61,62],[26,2301,2303,2558],{"className":2302},[66],[26,2304,2306,2469],{"className":2305,"style":1831},[70],[26,2307,2308,2311],{"style":1834},[26,2309],{"className":2310,"style":603},[78],[26,2312,2314,2317,2320,2323,2326,2330,2333,2336,2339,2342,2382,2386,2390,2393,2396,2399,2402,2405,2408,2411,2414,2417,2420,2423,2426,2429,2432,2435,2438,2441,2444,2447,2450,2453,2456,2460,2463],{"className":2313},[47],[26,2315],{"className":2316},[47],[26,2318],{"className":2319,"style":532},[531],[26,2321,537],{"className":2322},[536],[26,2324],{"className":2325,"style":532},[531],[26,2327,2329],{"className":2328},[581],"(",[26,2331,1478],{"className":2332},[47,51],[26,2334],{"className":2335,"style":1950},[531],[26,2337,1955],{"className":2338},[1954],[26,2340],{"className":2341,"style":1950},[531],[26,2343,2345,2348],{"className":2344},[47],[26,2346,505],{"className":2347},[47,51],[26,2349,2351],{"className":2350},[57],[26,2352,2354,2374],{"className":2353},[61,62],[26,2355,2357,2371],{"className":2356},[66],[26,2358,2360],{"className":2359,"style":625},[70],[26,2361,2362,2365],{"style":1531},[26,2363],{"className":2364,"style":79},[78],[26,2366,2368],{"className":2367},[83,84,85,86],[26,2369,1542],{"className":2370,"style":1541},[47,51,86],[26,2372,99],{"className":2373},[98],[26,2375,2377],{"className":2376},[66],[26,2378,2380],{"className":2379,"style":159},[70],[26,2381],{},[26,2383,2385],{"className":2384},[690],")",[26,2387,2389],{"className":2388},[47],"\u002F2",[26,2391],{"className":2392,"style":1950},[531],[26,2394,1955],{"className":2395},[1954],[26,2397],{"className":2398,"style":1950},[531],[26,2400,1661],{"className":2401,"style":1660},[47,51],[26,2403],{"className":2404,"style":532},[531],[26,2406,537],{"className":2407},[536],[26,2409],{"className":2410,"style":532},[531],[26,2412,2329],{"className":2413},[581],[26,2415,1497],{"className":2416},[47],[26,2418],{"className":2419,"style":1950},[531],[26,2421,1955],{"className":2422},[1954],[26,2424],{"className":2425,"style":1950},[531],[26,2427,1572],{"className":2428},[47],[26,2430,2385],{"className":2431},[690],[26,2433,2389],{"className":2434},[47],[26,2436],{"className":2437,"style":1950},[531],[26,2439,1955],{"className":2440},[1954],[26,2442],{"className":2443,"style":1950},[531],[26,2445,1680],{"className":2446},[47],[26,2448],{"className":2449,"style":532},[531],[26,2451,537],{"className":2452},[536],[26,2454],{"className":2455,"style":532},[531],[26,2457,2459],{"className":2458},[47],"64.7",[26,2461,2070],{"className":2462},[531],[26,2464,2466],{"className":2465},[47,2074],[26,2467,2078],{"className":2468},[47],[26,2470,2471,2474],{"style":1846},[26,2472],{"className":2473,"style":603},[78],[26,2475,2477,2480,2483,2486,2489,2493,2496,2499,2502,2506,2509,2512,2515,2518,2521,2524,2527,2530,2533,2536,2540,2543,2546,2549,2552],{"className":2476},[47],[26,2478],{"className":2479},[47],[26,2481],{"className":2482,"style":532},[531],[26,2484,537],{"className":2485},[536],[26,2487],{"className":2488,"style":532},[531],[26,2490,2492],{"className":2491},[47],"64.7\u002F13.5",[26,2494],{"className":2495,"style":532},[531],[26,2497,537],{"className":2498},[536],[26,2500],{"className":2501,"style":532},[531],[26,2503,2505],{"className":2504},[47],"4.8",[26,2507],{"className":2508,"style":532},[531],[26,2510],{"className":2511,"style":532},[531],[26,2513,921],{"className":2514},[536],[26,2516],{"className":2517,"style":532},[531],[26,2519],{"className":2520,"style":532},[531],[26,2522,1285],{"className":2523},[47],[26,2525,527],{"className":2526},[47,51],[26,2528],{"className":2529,"style":532},[531],[26,2531,537],{"className":2532},[536],[26,2534],{"className":2535,"style":532},[531],[26,2537,2539],{"className":2538},[47],"7.3",[26,2541],{"className":2542,"style":2153},[531],[26,2544],{"className":2545,"style":532},[531],[26,2547,2160],{"className":2548},[536],[26,2550],{"className":2551,"style":532},[531],[26,2553,2555],{"className":2554},[47,2074],[26,2556,2170],{"className":2557},[47],[26,2559,99],{"className":2560},[98],[26,2562,2564],{"className":2563},[66],[26,2565,2567],{"className":2566,"style":1908},[70],[26,2568],{},[11,2570,2571,2572,2609,2610,2647,2648,2651],{},"Class 1 in bending. In pure compression the web's Class 1 limit is ",[26,2573,2575],{"className":2574},[29],[26,2576,2578,2599],{"className":2577,"ariaHidden":34},[33],[26,2579,2581,2584,2587,2590,2593,2596],{"className":2580},[38],[26,2582],{"className":2583,"style":931},[42],[26,2585,1075],{"className":2586},[47],[26,2588,527],{"className":2589},[47,51],[26,2591],{"className":2592,"style":532},[531],[26,2594,537],{"className":2595},[536],[26,2597],{"className":2598,"style":532},[531],[26,2600,2602,2605],{"className":2601},[38],[26,2603],{"className":2604,"style":931},[42],[26,2606,2608],{"className":2607},[47],"26.9",",\nand 38.5 exceeds even the Class 3 limit of ",[26,2611,2613],{"className":2612},[29],[26,2614,2616,2637],{"className":2615,"ariaHidden":34},[33],[26,2617,2619,2622,2625,2628,2631,2634],{"className":2618},[38],[26,2620],{"className":2621,"style":931},[42],[26,2623,1165],{"className":2624},[47],[26,2626,527],{"className":2627},[47,51],[26,2629],{"className":2630,"style":532},[531],[26,2632,537],{"className":2633},[536],[26,2635],{"className":2636,"style":532},[531],[26,2638,2640,2643],{"className":2639},[38],[26,2641],{"className":2642,"style":931},[42],[26,2644,2646],{"className":2645},[47],"34.2",". The same section is\n",[15,2649,2650],{},"Class 4 in pure compression",", which is one reason columns are usually H-sections, not\nI-sections.",[164,2653,2655],{"id":2654},"classification-depends-on-the-combination","Classification depends on the combination",[11,2657,2658],{},"The web limits depend on the stress distribution across the web, which depends on the\nratio of axial force to moment, and that ratio differs in every load combination. The same\nmember can be Class 1 under a bending-led combination and Class 3 under a compression-led\none.",[11,2660,2661,2662,2665,2666,2670],{},"Elementarium classifies at ",[15,2663,2664],{},"every station, for every combination",", and the check reports\nthe worst class encountered. The utilisation at each station uses the class at that\nstation under that combination; the reported class is the summary, not the input. See\n",[20,2667,2669],{"href":2668},"\u002Fkb\u002Fdesign-checks\u002Fsteel#section-classification","Steel — EN 1993-1-1",".",[164,2672,2674],{"id":2673},"what-the-module-classifies","What the module classifies",[169,2676,2677,2687],{},[172,2678,2679],{},[175,2680,2681,2684],{},[178,2682,2683],{},"Section",[178,2685,2686],{},"How",[188,2688,2689,2697,2760,2768],{},[175,2690,2691,2694],{},[193,2692,2693],{},"Doubly symmetric I and H",[193,2695,2696],{},"Table 5.2, from the outline dimensions in the section definition",[175,2698,2699,2702],{},[193,2700,2701],{},"Rectangular hollow and welded box",[193,2703,2704,2705],{},"Table 5.2, with the flat width ",[26,2706,2708],{"className":2707},[29],[26,2709,2711,2729,2748],{"className":2710,"ariaHidden":34},[33],[26,2712,2714,2717,2720,2723,2726],{"className":2713},[38],[26,2715],{"className":2716,"style":523},[42],[26,2718,498],{"className":2719},[47,51],[26,2721],{"className":2722,"style":532},[531],[26,2724,537],{"className":2725},[536],[26,2727],{"className":2728,"style":532},[531],[26,2730,2732,2736,2739,2742,2745],{"className":2731},[38],[26,2733],{"className":2734,"style":2735},[42],"height:0.7778em;vertical-align:-0.0833em;",[26,2737,1478],{"className":2738},[47,51],[26,2740],{"className":2741,"style":1950},[531],[26,2743,1955],{"className":2744},[1954],[26,2746],{"className":2747,"style":1950},[531],[26,2749,2751,2754,2757],{"className":2750},[38],[26,2752],{"className":2753,"style":931},[42],[26,2755,326],{"className":2756},[47],[26,2758,505],{"className":2759},[47,51],[175,2761,2762,2765],{},[193,2763,2764],{},"Solid rectangular and circular",[193,2766,2767],{},"Class 1 by definition — no slender part exists",[175,2769,2770,2773],{},[193,2771,2772],{},"Everything else",[193,2774,2775,2776,2778],{},"Verified elastically as ",[15,2777,884],{},", with a message saying so",[11,2780,2781],{},"Channels, angles, tees, circular hollow sections and built-up shapes are not classified in\nthis release. The module uses the elastic resistance instead of guessing: conservative for\na section that is really Class 1 or 2, correct for Class 3, unconservative for Class 4, and\nflagged on the check.",[2783,2784,2787],"callout",{"type":2785,"title":2786},"danger","Really Class 4",[11,2788,2789],{},"Elastic verification of a Class 4 part is unconservative. For an unclassified shape that\nmay be Class 4, the message on the check is the prompt to verify it against EN 1993-1-5\nelsewhere.",[2783,2791,2793],{"type":2792},"warning",[11,2794,2795,2796,2799,2800,1462,2815,1462,2830,1462,2882,1462,2934,2949,2950,2967,2968,2985,2986,2670],{},"Classification reads the section's ",[15,2797,2798],{},"outline dimensions"," (",[26,2801,2803],{"className":2802},[29],[26,2804,2806],{"className":2805,"ariaHidden":34},[33],[26,2807,2809,2812],{"className":2808},[38],[26,2810],{"className":2811,"style":1438},[42],[26,2813,1442],{"className":2814},[47,51],[26,2816,2818],{"className":2817},[29],[26,2819,2821],{"className":2820,"ariaHidden":34},[33],[26,2822,2824,2827],{"className":2823},[38],[26,2825],{"className":2826,"style":1438},[42],[26,2828,1478],{"className":2829},[47,51],[26,2831,2833],{"className":2832},[29],[26,2834,2836],{"className":2835,"ariaHidden":34},[33],[26,2837,2839,2842],{"className":2838},[38],[26,2840],{"className":2841,"style":1510},[42],[26,2843,2845,2848],{"className":2844},[47],[26,2846,505],{"className":2847},[47,51],[26,2849,2851],{"className":2850},[57],[26,2852,2854,2874],{"className":2853},[61,62],[26,2855,2857,2871],{"className":2856},[66],[26,2858,2860],{"className":2859,"style":625},[70],[26,2861,2862,2865],{"style":1531},[26,2863],{"className":2864,"style":79},[78],[26,2866,2868],{"className":2867},[83,84,85,86],[26,2869,1542],{"className":2870,"style":1541},[47,51,86],[26,2872,99],{"className":2873},[98],[26,2875,2877],{"className":2876},[66],[26,2878,2880],{"className":2879,"style":159},[70],[26,2881],{},[26,2883,2885],{"className":2884},[29],[26,2886,2888],{"className":2887,"ariaHidden":34},[33],[26,2889,2891,2894],{"className":2890},[38],[26,2892],{"className":2893,"style":1585},[42],[26,2895,2897,2900],{"className":2896},[47],[26,2898,505],{"className":2899},[47,51],[26,2901,2903],{"className":2902},[57],[26,2904,2906,2926],{"className":2905},[61,62],[26,2907,2909,2923],{"className":2908},[66],[26,2910,2912],{"className":2911,"style":71},[70],[26,2913,2914,2917],{"style":1531},[26,2915],{"className":2916,"style":79},[78],[26,2918,2920],{"className":2919},[83,84,85,86],[26,2921,449],{"className":2922,"style":448},[47,51,86],[26,2924,99],{"className":2925},[98],[26,2927,2929],{"className":2928},[66],[26,2930,2932],{"className":2931,"style":106},[70],[26,2933],{},[26,2935,2937],{"className":2936},[29],[26,2938,2940],{"className":2939,"ariaHidden":34},[33],[26,2941,2943,2946],{"className":2942},[38],[26,2944],{"className":2945,"style":523},[42],[26,2947,1661],{"className":2948,"style":1660},[47,51],"),\nnot its area and second moments. A custom section with the right ",[26,2951,2953],{"className":2952},[29],[26,2954,2956],{"className":2955,"ariaHidden":34},[33],[26,2957,2959,2963],{"className":2958},[38],[26,2960],{"className":2961,"style":2962},[42],"height:0.6833em;",[26,2964,2966],{"className":2965},[47,51],"A"," and ",[26,2969,2971],{"className":2970},[29],[26,2972,2974],{"className":2973,"ariaHidden":34},[33],[26,2975,2977,2980],{"className":2976},[38],[26,2978],{"className":2979,"style":2962},[42],[26,2981,2984],{"className":2982,"style":2983},[47,51],"margin-right:0.0785em;","I"," but a wrong\nflange thickness solves correctly and classifies wrongly. See\n",[20,2987,2989],{"href":2988},"\u002Fkb\u002Fmodeling\u002Fsections-and-materials","Sections and materials",[164,2991,2993],{"id":2992},"aisc","AISC",[11,2995,2996,2997,3001],{},"AISC 360 has its own version of the same idea (compact, noncompact and slender, from\nTable B4.1), with the same purpose and different limits. The Chapter F flexural strengths\nin the ",[20,2998,3000],{"href":2999},"\u002Fkb\u002Fdesign-checks\u002Faisc","AISC module"," depend on it in the same way.",[164,3003,3005],{"id":3004},"reading-the-trace","Reading the trace",[11,3007,3008,3009,3030],{},"Every utilisation expands to show the classification it used alongside the other\nintermediate values. If the class is not what you expected, work the ",[26,3010,3012],{"className":3011},[29],[26,3013,3015],{"className":3014,"ariaHidden":34},[33],[26,3016,3018,3021,3024,3027],{"className":3017},[38],[26,3019],{"className":3020,"style":494},[42],[26,3022,498],{"className":3023},[47,51],[26,3025,112],{"className":3026},[47],[26,3028,505],{"className":3029},[47,51]," ratios by hand\nas above. It takes a minute, and a disagreement over one width-to-thickness ratio is a much\nshorter argument than one over a utilisation.",[164,3032,3034],{"id":3033},"related","Related",[11,3036,3037,3039,3040,3044,3045,3111],{},[20,3038,2669],{"href":22}," for the checks the class feeds;\n",[20,3041,3043],{"href":3042},"\u002Fkb\u002Fdesign-checks\u002Fnational-annexes","National annexes"," for the ",[26,3046,3048],{"className":3047},[29],[26,3049,3051],{"className":3050,"ariaHidden":34},[33],[26,3052,3054,3058],{"className":3053},[38],[26,3055],{"className":3056,"style":3057},[42],"height:0.625em;vertical-align:-0.1944em;",[26,3059,3061,3066],{"className":3060},[47],[26,3062,3065],{"className":3063,"style":3064},[47,51],"margin-right:0.0556em;","γ",[26,3067,3069],{"className":3068},[57],[26,3070,3072,3103],{"className":3071},[61,62],[26,3073,3075,3100],{"className":3074},[66],[26,3076,3079],{"className":3077,"style":3078},[70],"height:0.3283em;",[26,3080,3082,3085],{"style":3081},"top:-2.55em;margin-left:-0.0556em;margin-right:0.05em;",[26,3083],{"className":3084,"style":79},[78],[26,3086,3088],{"className":3087},[83,84,85,86],[26,3089,3091,3096],{"className":3090},[47,86],[26,3092,3095],{"className":3093,"style":3094},[47,51,86],"margin-right:0.109em;","M",[26,3097,3099],{"className":3098},[47,86],"0",[26,3101,99],{"className":3102},[98],[26,3104,3106],{"className":3105},[66],[26,3107,3109],{"className":3108,"style":159},[70],[26,3110],{}," every\nresistance is divided by.",{"title":3113,"searchDepth":3114,"depth":3114,"links":3115},"",2,[3116,3117,3118,3122,3123,3124,3125,3126],{"id":166,"depth":3114,"text":167},{"id":473,"depth":3114,"text":474},{"id":859,"depth":3114,"text":860,"children":3119},[3120],{"id":1421,"depth":3121,"text":1422},3,{"id":2654,"depth":3114,"text":2655},{"id":2673,"depth":3114,"text":2674},{"id":2992,"depth":3114,"text":2993},{"id":3004,"depth":3114,"text":3005},{"id":3033,"depth":3114,"text":3034},"How EN 1993-1-1 Table 5.2 classifies a steel section, why the class depends on the combination, and what the check does with shapes it cannot classify.","md",false,{},true,null,4,"\u002Fkb\u002Fdesign-checks\u002Fsection-classification",{"title":6,"description":3127},{"loc":3134},"kb\u002Fdesign-checks\u002Fsection-classification","nkkJpQem2eHI-wimRZvCGeavat-IkG2FuYa1Ocgq5L8",{"sections":3140,"extras":3445,"flat":3458},[3141,3176,3218,3237,3272,3303,3322,3353,3380,3407,3422],{"path":3142,"slug":3143,"title":3144,"description":3145,"icon":3146,"articles":3147},"\u002Fkb\u002Fgetting-started","getting-started","Getting started","From an empty tab to a solved, checked structure — the three guides that get you productive in Elementarium.","lucide:rocket",[3148,3152,3156,3160,3164,3168,3172],{"path":3149,"title":3150,"description":3151,"translated":3131},"\u002Fkb\u002Fgetting-started\u002Fkeyboard-shortcuts","Keyboard shortcuts","Every key binding in the workspace, the pointer gestures in the viewports, what the number fields accept, and what the command palette understands.",{"path":3153,"title":3154,"description":3155,"translated":3131},"\u002Fkb\u002Fgetting-started\u002Fquickstart","Quickstart","Build a portal frame, load it, solve it and read the bending moment diagram — about ten minutes from an empty tab.",{"path":3157,"title":3158,"description":3159,"translated":3131},"\u002Fkb\u002Fgetting-started\u002Fscope-and-limits","Scope and limits","What Elementarium models, solves and checks today, and what it does not — on one page, before you commit a job to it.",{"path":3161,"title":3162,"description":3163,"translated":3131},"\u002Fkb\u002Fgetting-started\u002Fsystem-requirements","System requirements","Which browsers and devices run Elementarium, how threading affects solve speed, and where the practical ceiling on model size comes from.",{"path":3165,"title":3166,"description":3167,"translated":3131},"\u002Fkb\u002Fgetting-started\u002Finterface-tour","Tour of the workspace","The ribbon, properties panel, dockable viewports, table dock, command palette and status bar — what each part of the editor is for.",{"path":3169,"title":3170,"description":3171,"translated":3131},"\u002Fkb\u002Fgetting-started\u002Funits","Units","How units work in Elementarium — SI inside, your unit system on screen — and the handful of conversions that cause most wrong answers in structural models.",{"path":3173,"title":3174,"description":3175,"translated":3131},"\u002Fkb\u002Fgetting-started\u002Ffirst-analysis","Your first analysis","Load cases, combinations and a linear static solve — then how to decide whether the answer is trustworthy.",{"path":3177,"slug":3178,"title":3179,"description":3180,"icon":3181,"articles":3182},"\u002Fkb\u002Fmodeling","modeling","Modeling","Bars, beams, 3D frames, slabs and walls. Geometry, sections, supports and releases that behave like the real structure.","lucide:frame",[3183,3187,3191,3195,3199,3202,3206,3210,3214],{"path":3184,"title":3185,"description":3186,"translated":3131},"\u002Fkb\u002Fmodeling\u002Fbars-beams-and-trusses","Bars, beams and trusses","When a member should be a bar and when a beam, how to model trusses and bracing, and what to do about members that only work in tension.",{"path":3188,"title":3189,"description":3190,"translated":3131},"\u002Fkb\u002Fmodeling\u002Fdrawings-and-snapping","Drawings & snapping","Importing a DXF as a reference underlay, choosing its units and plane, and snapping model geometry onto it accurately.",{"path":3192,"title":3193,"description":3194,"translated":3131},"\u002Fkb\u002Fmodeling\u002Felastic-foundations","Elastic foundations","Grade beams, strip footings and walls on ground as line supports on springs — choosing a subgrade modulus, and where the model stops being true.",{"path":3196,"title":3197,"description":3198,"translated":3131},"\u002Fkb\u002Fmodeling\u002Fplane-frames-in-3d","Plane frames in a 3D solver","When to use the 2D Frame and 2D Truss model types, why a flat structure in a 3D model is a mechanism, and how to restrain it.",{"path":2988,"title":3200,"description":3201,"translated":3131},"Sections & materials","What a section and a material contribute to the stiffness matrix and the design checks, and the values worth checking twice.",{"path":3203,"title":3204,"description":3205,"translated":3131},"\u002Fkb\u002Fmodeling\u002Fsurfaces","Slabs, walls and shells","Modelling surfaces in Elementarium — outlines, openings and thickness, how a beam or a wall attaches to a slab, local axes, and what a surface result means.",{"path":3207,"title":3208,"description":3209,"translated":3131},"\u002Fkb\u002Fmodeling\u002Fstructure-generators","Structure generators","Thirty-five parametric structures — trusses, frames, arches, towers, domes and shells — generated from a few dimensions, with supports and loads.",{"path":3211,"title":3212,"description":3213,"translated":3131},"\u002Fkb\u002Fmodeling\u002Fsupports-and-releases","Supports & releases","Pins, fixities, springs and end releases — what each one does to the stiffness matrix, and when each is right.",{"path":3215,"title":3216,"description":3217,"translated":3131},"\u002Fkb\u002Fmodeling\u002Ffirst-model","Your first model","The modeling loop end to end — geometry, sections, supports and releases — on a structure small enough to check by hand.",{"path":3219,"slug":3220,"title":3221,"description":3222,"icon":3223,"articles":3224},"\u002Fkb\u002Fmeshing","meshing","Meshing","Mesh density, local refinement and the quality checks that tell you when a mesh is fine enough to trust.","lucide:grid-3x3",[3225,3229,3233],{"path":3226,"title":3227,"description":3228,"translated":3131},"\u002Fkb\u002Fmeshing\u002Felement-size","Choosing element size","Starting mesh densities for slabs, walls and rafts, and the convergence test that decides whether a mesh is fine enough.",{"path":3230,"title":3231,"description":3232,"translated":3131},"\u002Fkb\u002Fmeshing\u002Frefinement","Local refinement","Where to spend elements, where not to bother, and how to refine without wrecking element shape.",{"path":3234,"title":3235,"description":3236,"translated":3131},"\u002Fkb\u002Fmeshing\u002Fquality-checks","Mesh quality","Aspect ratio, skew and warping — what degrades a result, what the mesher reports, and how to tell whether the elements you are worried about matter.",{"path":3238,"slug":3239,"title":3240,"description":3241,"icon":3242,"articles":3243},"\u002Fkb\u002Floads","loads","Loads & combinations","Build load cases, generate code combinations automatically and find out which one actually governs.","lucide:arrow-down-to-line",[3244,3248,3252,3256,3260,3264,3268],{"path":3245,"title":3246,"description":3247,"translated":3131},"\u002Fkb\u002Floads\u002Fasce-7-combinations","ASCE 7 combinations","LRFD and ASD combinations to ASCE 7-22 — how the generator maps your load groups onto D, L, Lr, S, W and E, and pairing them with the AISC check.",{"path":3249,"title":3250,"description":3251,"translated":3131},"\u002Fkb\u002Floads\u002Fcombinations","Automatic combinations","Generating EN 1990 and ASCE 7 combinations, understanding the equations behind them, and reading the generated set critically.",{"path":3253,"title":3254,"description":3255,"translated":3131},"\u002Fkb\u002Floads\u002Fenvelopes","Envelopes","Extracting the governing value across dozens of combinations without reading every one — and the traps in doing so.",{"path":3257,"title":3258,"description":3259,"translated":3131},"\u002Fkb\u002Floads\u002Fload-cases","Load cases","Actions, self-weight, imposed loads and load arrangements — how to build cases that stay separable.",{"path":3261,"title":3262,"description":3263,"translated":3131},"\u002Fkb\u002Floads\u002Fload-panels","Load panels","Areas that hand a floor, roof or wall pressure to the members around them as line loads, one way or two way, without meshing a slab.",{"path":3265,"title":3266,"description":3267,"translated":3131},"\u002Fkb\u002Floads\u002Ftemperature-loads","Temperature loads","Uniform temperature change and through-depth gradients — what each does to a free and a restrained structure, and the coefficients to use.",{"path":3269,"title":3270,"description":3271,"translated":3131},"\u002Fkb\u002Floads\u002Fwind-and-snow","Wind and snow","Wind to EN 1991-1-4 and snow to EN 1991-1-3, generated on a building envelope — site inputs, recognised roof shapes, the cases produced, and the limits.",{"path":3273,"slug":3274,"title":3275,"description":3276,"icon":3277,"articles":3278},"\u002Fkb\u002Fanalysis","analysis","Analysis types","Linear static, modal, linear buckling and second-order — what each analysis assumes, what it returns and how to read the result.","lucide:activity",[3279,3283,3287,3291,3295,3299],{"path":3280,"title":3281,"description":3282,"translated":3131},"\u002Fkb\u002Fanalysis\u002Fsolvers","Choosing a linear solver","Conjugate gradients with Jacobi, incomplete Cholesky or multigrid, or a direct factorisation — what each does, how to watch it, and when the choice matters.",{"path":3284,"title":3285,"description":3286,"translated":3131},"\u002Fkb\u002Fanalysis\u002Fbuckling","Linear buckling","Critical load factors and buckling shapes — what α_cr means, why it is an upper bound, and how to use it for second-order effects.",{"path":3288,"title":3289,"description":3290,"translated":3131},"\u002Fkb\u002Fanalysis\u002Flinear-static","Linear static analysis","The workhorse analysis — what K u = f actually assumes, what it returns, and where linearity stops being a reasonable model.",{"path":3292,"title":3293,"description":3294,"translated":3131},"\u002Fkb\u002Fanalysis\u002Fmodal","Modal analysis","Natural frequencies and mode shapes — mass modelling, participation factors and what the numbers are good for.",{"path":3296,"title":3297,"description":3298,"translated":3131},"\u002Fkb\u002Fanalysis\u002Fsecond-order","Second-order analysis","P-Δ and P-δ solved by iteration, geometric imperfections to EN 1993-1-1 §5.3, and why a second-order result cannot be superposed.",{"path":3300,"title":3301,"description":3302,"translated":3131},"\u002Fkb\u002Fanalysis\u002Fverification","Verifying the solver","Closed-form cases you can build in ten minutes to test the solver — beams, frames, columns, plates, frequencies — with the expected error of each.",{"path":3304,"slug":3305,"title":3306,"description":3307,"icon":3308,"articles":3309},"\u002Fkb\u002Fdesign-checks","design-checks","Design checks","Utilisation ratios, governing cases and the clause behind every number a check reports.","lucide:clipboard-check",[3310,3312,3313,3317,3320],{"path":3042,"title":3043,"description":3311,"translated":3131},"Where nationally determined parameters change the answer, how to select the right annex, and what to state in the report.",{"path":3134,"title":6,"description":3127,"translated":3131},{"path":3314,"title":3315,"description":3316,"translated":3131},"\u002Fkb\u002Fdesign-checks\u002Fserviceability","Serviceability checks","Deflection, drift and floor frequency checked member by member at SLS, to the national annexes, EN 1990:2023, IBC, AISC or EN 1995-1-1.",{"path":2999,"title":3318,"description":3319,"translated":3131},"Steel — AISC 360","Member strength to Chapters D to H, LRFD or ASD — compression buckling, lateral-torsional buckling and every C_b option written down.",{"path":22,"title":2669,"description":3321,"translated":3131},"Member resistance to §6.2 and §6.3 — what is checked at every station, where buckling lengths come from, and the clauses left to you.",{"path":3323,"slug":3324,"title":3325,"description":3326,"icon":3327,"articles":3328},"\u002Fkb\u002Freports","reports","Results & reports","Diagrams, contours and tables in the viewport, and the calculation package you hand to a reviewer.","lucide:file-chart-column",[3329,3333,3337,3341,3345,3349],{"path":3330,"title":3331,"description":3332,"translated":3131},"\u002Fkb\u002Freports\u002Fexporting","Exporting a report","Assembling a calculation package a reviewer can follow — inputs, model, results and checks, in the order a calc package should be.",{"path":3334,"title":3335,"description":3336,"translated":3131},"\u002Fkb\u002Freports\u002Fifc","IFC structural models","The IFC structural analysis view in and out — what IFC2X3, IFC4 and IFC4X3 files bring, what an export carries, and what IFC cannot say.",{"path":3338,"title":3339,"description":3340,"translated":3131},"\u002Fkb\u002Freports\u002Fexchange","Import & export formats","IFC structural models and SAF workbooks in and out, DXF as a reference drawing, result tables as CSV or xlsx, and an OOFEM input deck.",{"path":3342,"title":3343,"description":3344,"translated":3131},"\u002Fkb\u002Freports\u002Freading-diagrams","Reading diagrams","Bending, shear and axial diagrams, contour plots and deformed shapes — the conventions behind what you are looking at.",{"path":3346,"title":3347,"description":3348,"translated":3131},"\u002Fkb\u002Freports\u002Fresult-tables","Result tables","Filtering, sorting and extracting numbers — getting the value you need out of a solved model without scrolling.",{"path":3350,"title":3351,"description":3352,"translated":3131},"\u002Fkb\u002Freports\u002Freviewing","Reviewing a calculation","For the checking engineer — how to interrogate a model you did not build, what the report guarantees, and the questions to ask first.",{"path":3354,"slug":3355,"title":3356,"description":3357,"icon":3358,"articles":3359},"\u002Fkb\u002Fcollaboration","collaboration","Collaboration & sync","Shared models, real-time editing, and offline edits that merge cleanly when you reconnect.","lucide:users-round",[3360,3364,3368,3372,3376],{"path":3361,"title":3362,"description":3363,"translated":3131},"\u002Fkb\u002Fcollaboration\u002Fcomments","Comments","Threads pinned to nodes, members, plates or points, @mentions, blocking comments that hold up a report, and the notifications they send.",{"path":3365,"title":3366,"description":3367,"translated":3131},"\u002Fkb\u002Fcollaboration\u002Fsharing-projects","Sharing a project","Inviting people to a model, what each role can do, and how to coordinate two engineers in the same structure.",{"path":3369,"title":3370,"description":3371,"translated":3131},"\u002Fkb\u002Fcollaboration\u002Fversion-history","Version history","Automatic checkpoints and named versions — how long they are kept, previewing an earlier state, and restoring it in place or as a new project.",{"path":3373,"title":3374,"description":3375,"translated":3131},"\u002Fkb\u002Fcollaboration\u002Fdevices","Working across devices","One account on every device — how a project follows you from desk to laptop, tablet or phone, and what changes on a small screen.",{"path":3377,"title":3378,"description":3379,"translated":3131},"\u002Fkb\u002Fcollaboration\u002Fworking-offline","Working offline","What keeps working with no connection, what does not, and how offline edits merge when you come back.",{"path":3381,"slug":3382,"title":3383,"description":3384,"icon":3385,"articles":3386},"\u002Fkb\u002Ftheory","theory","Theory notes","The mechanics inside the solver — element formulations, sign conventions, numerical assumptions and their limits.","lucide:sigma",[3387,3391,3395,3399,3403],{"path":3388,"title":3389,"description":3390,"translated":3131},"\u002Fkb\u002Ftheory\u002Felement-formulations","Element formulations","Degrees of freedom, interpolation and limits for every element type in the solver — what each one can represent and what it cannot.",{"path":3392,"title":3393,"description":3394,"translated":3131},"\u002Fkb\u002Ftheory\u002Fglossary","Glossary","Finite element and structural terms as Elementarium uses them, from degrees of freedom to MITC4 and utilisation, each linked to its page.",{"path":3396,"title":3397,"description":3398,"translated":3131},"\u002Fkb\u002Ftheory\u002Fsign-conventions","Sign conventions","Axes, positive directions and how to read a diagram without guessing — the page that prevents most result confusion.",{"path":3400,"title":3401,"description":3402,"translated":3131},"\u002Fkb\u002Ftheory\u002Fdirect-stiffness-method","The direct stiffness method","How a finite element solver turns a model into K u = f and back — stiffness, transformation, assembly, constraints, solution and recovery.",{"path":3404,"title":3405,"description":3406,"translated":3131},"\u002Fkb\u002Ftheory\u002Fwinkler-foundations","Winkler 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