[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":3124},["ShallowReactive",2],{"kb-en-\u002Fkb\u002Fdesign-checks\u002Faisc":3,"kb-nav-en":2732},{"page":4,"fallback":2723},{"id":5,"title":6,"body":7,"description":2721,"extension":2722,"faq":2723,"meta":2724,"navigation":2725,"ogImage":2726,"order":2712,"path":2727,"raw":2723,"robots":2726,"schemaOrg":2726,"seo":2728,"sitemap":2729,"stem":2730,"__hash__":2731},"content_en\u002Fkb\u002Fdesign-checks\u002Faisc.md","Steel — AISC 360",{"type":8,"value":9,"toc":2710},"minimark",[10,115,126,131,536,540,603,745,756,760,841,901,904,1142,1145,1555,1558,1562,1675,1911,2037,2041,2347,2351,2354,2494,2604,2607],[11,12,13,14,18,19,23,24,27,28,108,109,114],"p",{},"The ",[15,16,17],"code",{},"aisc360.member-resistance"," module verifies ",[20,21,22],"strong",{},"member strength to AISC 360-22, Chapters\nD to H",", at every sampled station along the member: compression from Chapter E's\nflexural and torsional buckling, and ",[20,25,26],{},"lateral-torsional buckling"," inside Chapter F, where\nAISC puts it as part of ",[29,30,33],"span",{"className":31},[32],"katex",[29,34,38],{"className":35,"ariaHidden":37},[36],"katex-html","true",[29,39,42,47],{"className":40},[41],"base",[29,43],{"className":44,"style":46},[45],"strut","height:0.8333em;vertical-align:-0.15em;",[29,48,51,57],{"className":49},[50],"mord",[29,52,56],{"className":53,"style":55},[50,54],"mathnormal","margin-right:0.109em;","M",[29,58,61],{"className":59},[60],"msupsub",[29,62,66,99],{"className":63},[64,65],"vlist-t","vlist-t2",[29,67,70,94],{"className":68},[69],"vlist-r",[29,71,75],{"className":72,"style":74},[73],"vlist","height:0.1514em;",[29,76,78,83],{"style":77},"top:-2.55em;margin-left:-0.109em;margin-right:0.05em;",[29,79],{"className":80,"style":82},[81],"pstrut","height:2.7em;",[29,84,90],{"className":85},[86,87,88,89],"sizing","reset-size6","size3","mtight",[29,91,93],{"className":92},[50,54,89],"n",[29,95,98],{"className":96},[97],"vlist-s","​",[29,100,102],{"className":101},[69],[29,103,106],{"className":104,"style":105},[73],"height:0.15em;",[29,107],{},". It is Elementarium's second steel module; the first is\n",[110,111,113],"a",{"href":112},"\u002Fkb\u002Fdesign-checks\u002Fsteel","EN 1993-1-1",".",[11,116,117,118,121,122,114],{},"New checks use this module. A check created with the older ",[15,119,120],{},"aisc360.member-strength","\nmodule keeps it; see ",[110,123,125],{"href":124},"#older-module","The older member-strength module",[127,128,130],"h2",{"id":129},"what-is-checked","What is checked",[132,133,134,150],"table",{},[135,136,137],"thead",{},[138,139,140,144,147],"tr",{},[141,142,143],"th",{},"Check",[141,145,146],{},"Chapter",[141,148,149],{},"What the module does",[151,152,153,165,437,503,514,525],"tbody",{},[138,154,155,159,162],{},[156,157,158],"td",{},"Tension",[156,160,161],{},"D2",[156,163,164],{},"Yielding on the gross section, D2-1",[138,166,167,170,173],{},[156,168,169],{},"Compression",[156,171,172],{},"E3, E4, E7",[156,174,175,176,278,279],{},"Flexural buckling about both axes from ",[29,177,179],{"className":178},[32],[29,180,182,244,268],{"className":181,"ariaHidden":37},[36],[29,183,185,188,231,236,241],{"className":184},[41],[29,186],{"className":187,"style":46},[45],[29,189,191,195],{"className":190},[50],[29,192,194],{"className":193},[50,54],"L",[29,196,198],{"className":197},[60],[29,199,201,223],{"className":200},[64,65],[29,202,204,220],{"className":203},[69],[29,205,207],{"className":206,"style":74},[73],[29,208,210,213],{"style":209},"top:-2.55em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;",[29,211],{"className":212,"style":82},[81],[29,214,216],{"className":215},[86,87,88,89],[29,217,219],{"className":218},[50,54,89],"c",[29,221,98],{"className":222},[97],[29,224,226],{"className":225},[69],[29,227,229],{"className":228,"style":105},[73],[29,230],{},[29,232],{"className":233,"style":235},[234],"mspace","margin-right:0.2778em;",[29,237,240],{"className":238},[239],"mrel","=",[29,242],{"className":243,"style":235},[234],[29,245,247,251,256,260,265],{"className":246},[41],[29,248],{"className":249,"style":250},[45],"height:0.6944em;",[29,252,255],{"className":253,"style":254},[50,54],"margin-right:0.0315em;","k",[29,257],{"className":258,"style":259},[234],"margin-right:0.2222em;",[29,261,264],{"className":262},[263],"mbin","⋅",[29,266],{"className":267,"style":259},[234],[29,269,271,275],{"className":270},[41],[29,272],{"className":273,"style":274},[45],"height:0.6833em;",[29,276,194],{"className":277},[50,54],"; torsional buckling of doubly symmetric members (E4-2); slender elements on the effective area, ",[29,280,282],{"className":281},[32],[29,283,285,343],{"className":284,"ariaHidden":37},[36],[29,286,288,291,334,337,340],{"className":287},[41],[29,289],{"className":290,"style":46},[45],[29,292,294,299],{"className":293},[50],[29,295,298],{"className":296,"style":297},[50,54],"margin-right:0.1389em;","P",[29,300,302],{"className":301},[60],[29,303,305,326],{"className":304},[64,65],[29,306,308,323],{"className":307},[69],[29,309,311],{"className":310,"style":74},[73],[29,312,314,317],{"style":313},"top:-2.55em;margin-left:-0.1389em;margin-right:0.05em;",[29,315],{"className":316,"style":82},[81],[29,318,320],{"className":319},[86,87,88,89],[29,321,93],{"className":322},[50,54,89],[29,324,98],{"className":325},[97],[29,327,329],{"className":328},[69],[29,330,332],{"className":331,"style":105},[73],[29,333],{},[29,335],{"className":336,"style":235},[234],[29,338,240],{"className":339},[239],[29,341],{"className":342,"style":235},[234],[29,344,346,349,395],{"className":345},[41],[29,347],{"className":348,"style":46},[45],[29,350,352,356],{"className":351},[50],[29,353,355],{"className":354,"style":297},[50,54],"F",[29,357,359],{"className":358},[60],[29,360,362,387],{"className":361},[64,65],[29,363,365,384],{"className":364},[69],[29,366,368],{"className":367,"style":74},[73],[29,369,370,373],{"style":313},[29,371],{"className":372,"style":82},[81],[29,374,376],{"className":375},[86,87,88,89],[29,377,379],{"className":378},[50,89],[29,380,383],{"className":381,"style":382},[50,54,89],"margin-right:0.0278em;","cr",[29,385,98],{"className":386},[97],[29,388,390],{"className":389},[69],[29,391,393],{"className":392,"style":105},[73],[29,394],{},[29,396,398,402],{"className":397},[50],[29,399,401],{"className":400},[50,54],"A",[29,403,405],{"className":404},[60],[29,406,408,429],{"className":407},[64,65],[29,409,411,426],{"className":410},[69],[29,412,414],{"className":413,"style":74},[73],[29,415,416,419],{"style":209},[29,417],{"className":418,"style":82},[81],[29,420,422],{"className":421},[86,87,88,89],[29,423,425],{"className":424},[50,54,89],"e",[29,427,98],{"className":428},[97],[29,430,432],{"className":431},[69],[29,433,435],{"className":434,"style":105},[73],[29,436],{},[138,438,439,442,445],{},[156,440,441],{},"Flexure",[156,443,444],{},"F2–F11",[156,446,447,499,500],{},[29,448,450],{"className":449},[32],[29,451,453],{"className":452,"ariaHidden":37},[36],[29,454,456,459],{"className":455},[41],[29,457],{"className":458,"style":46},[45],[29,460,462,465],{"className":461},[50],[29,463,56],{"className":464,"style":55},[50,54],[29,466,468],{"className":467},[60],[29,469,471,491],{"className":470},[64,65],[29,472,474,488],{"className":473},[69],[29,475,477],{"className":476,"style":74},[73],[29,478,479,482],{"style":77},[29,480],{"className":481,"style":82},[81],[29,483,485],{"className":484},[86,87,88,89],[29,486,93],{"className":487},[50,54,89],[29,489,98],{"className":490},[97],[29,492,494],{"className":493},[69],[29,495,497],{"className":496,"style":105},[73],[29,498],{}," about both axes, ",[20,501,502],{},"including lateral-torsional buckling",[138,504,505,508,511],{},[156,506,507],{},"Shear",[156,509,510],{},"G2–G6",[156,512,513],{},"Both directions, with web shear buckling",[138,515,516,519,522],{},[156,517,518],{},"Torsion",[156,520,521],{},"H3",[156,523,524],{},"St. Venant, plus the H3-6 torsion \u002F shear \u002F flexure interaction for HSS",[138,526,527,530,533],{},[156,528,529],{},"Combined",[156,531,532],{},"H1.1",[156,534,535],{},"Axial force with biaxial flexure, H1-1a and H1-1b",[127,537,539],{"id":538},"lrfd-or-asd","LRFD or ASD",[11,541,542,543,546,547,602],{},"Design philosophy is a parameter on the check. Both routes use the ",[20,544,545],{},"same nominal\nstrength"," ",[29,548,550],{"className":549},[32],[29,551,553],{"className":552,"ariaHidden":37},[36],[29,554,556,559],{"className":555},[41],[29,557],{"className":558,"style":46},[45],[29,560,562,567],{"className":561},[50],[29,563,566],{"className":564,"style":565},[50,54],"margin-right:0.0077em;","R",[29,568,570],{"className":569},[60],[29,571,573,594],{"className":572},[64,65],[29,574,576,591],{"className":575},[69],[29,577,579],{"className":578,"style":74},[73],[29,580,582,585],{"style":581},"top:-2.55em;margin-left:-0.0077em;margin-right:0.05em;",[29,583],{"className":584,"style":82},[81],[29,586,588],{"className":587},[86,87,88,89],[29,589,93],{"className":590},[50,54,89],[29,592,98],{"className":593},[97],[29,595,597],{"className":596},[69],[29,598,600],{"className":599,"style":105},[73],[29,601],{},":",[132,604,605,615],{},[135,606,607],{},[138,608,609,612],{},[141,610,611],{},"Method",[141,613,614],{},"Demand is compared against",[151,616,617,681],{},[138,618,619,622],{},[156,620,621],{},"LRFD",[156,623,624],{},[29,625,627],{"className":626},[32],[29,628,630],{"className":629,"ariaHidden":37},[36],[29,631,633,637,641],{"className":632},[41],[29,634],{"className":635,"style":636},[45],"height:0.8889em;vertical-align:-0.1944em;",[29,638,640],{"className":639},[50,54],"ϕ",[29,642,644,647],{"className":643},[50],[29,645,566],{"className":646,"style":565},[50,54],[29,648,650],{"className":649},[60],[29,651,653,673],{"className":652},[64,65],[29,654,656,670],{"className":655},[69],[29,657,659],{"className":658,"style":74},[73],[29,660,661,664],{"style":581},[29,662],{"className":663,"style":82},[81],[29,665,667],{"className":666},[86,87,88,89],[29,668,93],{"className":669},[50,54,89],[29,671,98],{"className":672},[97],[29,674,676],{"className":675},[69],[29,677,679],{"className":678,"style":105},[73],[29,680],{},[138,682,683,686],{},[156,684,685],{},"ASD",[156,687,688],{},[29,689,691],{"className":690},[32],[29,692,694],{"className":693,"ariaHidden":37},[36],[29,695,697,701,741],{"className":696},[41],[29,698],{"className":699,"style":700},[45],"height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;",[29,702,704,707],{"className":703},[50],[29,705,566],{"className":706,"style":565},[50,54],[29,708,710],{"className":709},[60],[29,711,713,733],{"className":712},[64,65],[29,714,716,730],{"className":715},[69],[29,717,719],{"className":718,"style":74},[73],[29,720,721,724],{"style":581},[29,722],{"className":723,"style":82},[81],[29,725,727],{"className":726},[86,87,88,89],[29,728,93],{"className":729},[50,54,89],[29,731,98],{"className":732},[97],[29,734,736],{"className":735},[69],[29,737,739],{"className":738,"style":105},[73],[29,740],{},[29,742,744],{"className":743},[50],"\u002FΩ",[746,747,749],"callout",{"type":748},"warning",[11,750,751,752,114],{},"The two are not interchangeable on the load side. ASD expects service-level\ncombinations, LRFD strength-level ones. The module discloses this instead of assuming you\ngot it right. Pair the check with the matching\n",[110,753,755],{"href":754},"\u002Fkb\u002Floads\u002Fasce-7-combinations","ASCE 7 combinations",[127,757,759],{"id":758},"the-moment-gradient-factor-c_b","The moment-gradient factor C_b",[11,761,762,763,840],{},"LTB capacity depends on the shape of the moment diagram over the unbraced segment. Taking\n",[29,764,766],{"className":765},[32],[29,767,769,829],{"className":768,"ariaHidden":37},[36],[29,770,772,775,820,823,826],{"className":771},[41],[29,773],{"className":774,"style":46},[45],[29,776,778,783],{"className":777},[50],[29,779,782],{"className":780,"style":781},[50,54],"margin-right:0.0715em;","C",[29,784,786],{"className":785},[60],[29,787,789,812],{"className":788},[64,65],[29,790,792,809],{"className":791},[69],[29,793,796],{"className":794,"style":795},[73],"height:0.3361em;",[29,797,799,802],{"style":798},"top:-2.55em;margin-left:-0.0715em;margin-right:0.05em;",[29,800],{"className":801,"style":82},[81],[29,803,805],{"className":804},[86,87,88,89],[29,806,808],{"className":807},[50,54,89],"b",[29,810,98],{"className":811},[97],[29,813,815],{"className":814},[69],[29,816,818],{"className":817,"style":105},[73],[29,819],{},[29,821],{"className":822,"style":235},[234],[29,824,240],{"className":825},[239],[29,827],{"className":828,"style":235},[234],[29,830,832,836],{"className":831},[41],[29,833],{"className":834,"style":835},[45],"height:0.6444em;",[29,837,839],{"className":838},[50],"1.0"," throws that away: about 14% of the capacity for a simply supported beam under\nUDL, and over 100% under a reversing end-moment diagram.",[11,842,843,844,896,897,900],{},"Elementarium already samples internal forces at eleven stations along every member for\nevery combination, which is exactly what these formulas consume. So ",[29,845,847],{"className":846},[32],[29,848,850],{"className":849,"ariaHidden":37},[36],[29,851,853,856],{"className":852},[41],[29,854],{"className":855,"style":46},[45],[29,857,859,862],{"className":858},[50],[29,860,782],{"className":861,"style":781},[50,54],[29,863,865],{"className":864},[60],[29,866,868,888],{"className":867},[64,65],[29,869,871,885],{"className":870},[69],[29,872,874],{"className":873,"style":795},[73],[29,875,876,879],{"style":798},[29,877],{"className":878,"style":82},[81],[29,880,882],{"className":881},[86,87,88,89],[29,883,808],{"className":884},[50,54,89],[29,886,98],{"className":887},[97],[29,889,891],{"className":890},[69],[29,892,894],{"className":893,"style":105},[73],[29,895],{}," is ",[20,898,899],{},"derived,\nnot stored",": it depends on the load combination and could never be a property of the\nmember.",[11,902,903],{},"The published options do not agree, so the formula is your choice:",[132,905,906,915],{},[135,907,908],{},[138,909,910,912],{},[141,911,611],{},[141,913,914],{},"Formula",[151,916,917,927,937,1062],{},[138,918,919,924],{},[156,920,921],{},[15,922,923],{},"AISC F1-1",[156,925,926],{},"The quarter-point formula, below",[138,928,929,934],{},[156,930,931],{},[15,932,933],{},"Serna et al.",[156,935,936],{},"The root-mean-square form of the same four moments. Reproduces the classical values for reversing diagrams, where F1-1 is markedly conservative",[138,938,939,944],{},[156,940,941],{},[15,942,943],{},"ψ formula",[156,945,946,1061],{},[29,947,949],{"className":948},[32],[29,950,952,973,998,1051],{"className":951,"ariaHidden":37},[36],[29,953,955,959,963,966,970],{"className":954},[41],[29,956],{"className":957,"style":958},[45],"height:0.7278em;vertical-align:-0.0833em;",[29,960,962],{"className":961},[50],"1.88",[29,964],{"className":965,"style":259},[234],[29,967,969],{"className":968},[263],"−",[29,971],{"className":972,"style":259},[234],[29,974,976,979,983,988,991,995],{"className":975},[41],[29,977],{"className":978,"style":636},[45],[29,980,982],{"className":981},[50],"1.40",[29,984,987],{"className":985,"style":986},[50,54],"margin-right:0.0359em;","ψ",[29,989],{"className":990,"style":259},[234],[29,992,994],{"className":993},[263],"+",[29,996],{"className":997,"style":259},[234],[29,999,1001,1005,1009,1041,1044,1048],{"className":1000},[41],[29,1002],{"className":1003,"style":1004},[45],"height:1.0085em;vertical-align:-0.1944em;",[29,1006,1008],{"className":1007},[50],"0.52",[29,1010,1012,1015],{"className":1011},[50],[29,1013,987],{"className":1014,"style":986},[50,54],[29,1016,1018],{"className":1017},[60],[29,1019,1021],{"className":1020},[64],[29,1022,1024],{"className":1023},[69],[29,1025,1028],{"className":1026,"style":1027},[73],"height:0.8141em;",[29,1029,1031,1034],{"style":1030},"top:-3.063em;margin-right:0.05em;",[29,1032],{"className":1033,"style":82},[81],[29,1035,1037],{"className":1036},[86,87,88,89],[29,1038,1040],{"className":1039},[50,89],"2",[29,1042],{"className":1043,"style":235},[234],[29,1045,1047],{"className":1046},[239],"≤",[29,1049],{"className":1050,"style":235},[234],[29,1052,1054,1057],{"className":1053},[41],[29,1055],{"className":1056,"style":835},[45],[29,1058,1060],{"className":1059},[50],"2.7",", for a linear diagram only; a curved one falls back to F1-1 with a disclosure",[138,1063,1064,1069],{},[156,1065,1066],{},[15,1067,1068],{},"Conservative",[156,1070,1071,1141],{},[29,1072,1074],{"className":1073},[32],[29,1075,1077,1132],{"className":1076,"ariaHidden":37},[36],[29,1078,1080,1083,1123,1126,1129],{"className":1079},[41],[29,1081],{"className":1082,"style":46},[45],[29,1084,1086,1089],{"className":1085},[50],[29,1087,782],{"className":1088,"style":781},[50,54],[29,1090,1092],{"className":1091},[60],[29,1093,1095,1115],{"className":1094},[64,65],[29,1096,1098,1112],{"className":1097},[69],[29,1099,1101],{"className":1100,"style":795},[73],[29,1102,1103,1106],{"style":798},[29,1104],{"className":1105,"style":82},[81],[29,1107,1109],{"className":1108},[86,87,88,89],[29,1110,808],{"className":1111},[50,54,89],[29,1113,98],{"className":1114},[97],[29,1116,1118],{"className":1117},[69],[29,1119,1121],{"className":1120,"style":105},[73],[29,1122],{},[29,1124],{"className":1125,"style":235},[234],[29,1127,240],{"className":1128},[239],[29,1130],{"className":1131,"style":235},[234],[29,1133,1135,1138],{"className":1134},[41],[29,1136],{"className":1137,"style":835},[45],[29,1139,839],{"className":1140},[50],". Always permitted, always safe",[11,1143,1144],{},"AISC F1-1, from the maximum moment in the segment and the moments at its quarter, centre\nand three-quarter 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set the value yourself, where the practice mandates one.",[127,1559,1561],{"id":1560},"axes","Axes",[11,1563,1564,1565,1582,1583,1601,1602,1659,1660,602],{},"The app's frame is ",[29,1566,1568],{"className":1567},[32],[29,1569,1571],{"className":1570,"ariaHidden":37},[36],[29,1572,1574,1578],{"className":1573},[41],[29,1575],{"className":1576,"style":1577},[45],"height:0.625em;vertical-align:-0.1944em;",[29,1579,1581],{"className":1580,"style":986},[50,54],"y"," horizontal and ",[29,1584,1586],{"className":1585},[32],[29,1587,1589],{"className":1588,"ariaHidden":37},[36],[29,1590,1592,1596],{"className":1591},[41],[29,1593],{"className":1594,"style":1595},[45],"height:0.4306em;",[29,1597,1600],{"className":1598,"style":1599},[50,54],"margin-right:0.044em;","z"," vertical, with 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AISC calls the\nstrong axis 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",[29,1979,1981],{"className":1980},[32],[29,1982,1984],{"className":1983,"ariaHidden":37},[36],[29,1985,1987,1990],{"className":1986},[41],[29,1988],{"className":1989,"style":46},[45],[29,1991,1993,1996],{"className":1992},[50],[29,1994,56],{"className":1995,"style":55},[50,54],[29,1997,1999],{"className":1998},[60],[29,2000,2002,2028],{"className":2001},[64,65],[29,2003,2005,2025],{"className":2004},[69],[29,2006,2008],{"className":2007,"style":74},[73],[29,2009,2010,2013],{"style":77},[29,2011],{"className":2012,"style":82},[81],[29,2014,2016],{"className":2015},[86,87,88,89],[29,2017,2019,2022],{"className":2018},[50,89],[29,2020,219],{"className":2021},[50,54,89],[29,2023,1293],{"className":2024},[50,54,89],[29,2026,98],{"className":2027},[97],[29,2029,2031],{"className":2030},[69],[29,2032,2034],{"className":2033,"style":105},[73],[29,2035],{}," and so on) because they are\nprinted into an AISC calc report.",[127,2038,2040],{"id":2039},"effective-lengths","Effective lengths",[11,2042,2043,2095,2096,2150,2151,2204,2205,2209,2210,2342,2343,114],{},[29,2044,2046],{"className":2045},[32],[29,2047,2049],{"className":2048,"ariaHidden":37},[36],[29,2050,2052,2055],{"className":2051},[41],[29,2053],{"className":2054,"style":46},[45],[29,2056,2058,2061],{"className":2057},[50],[29,2059,194],{"className":2060},[50,54],[29,2062,2064],{"className":2063},[60],[29,2065,2067,2087],{"className":2066},[64,65],[29,2068,2070,2084],{"className":2069},[69],[29,2071,2073],{"className":2072,"style":74},[73],[29,2074,2075,2078],{"style":209},[29,2076],{"className":2077,"style":82},[81],[29,2079,2081],{"className":2080},[86,87,88,89],[29,2082,219],{"className":2083},[50,54,89],[29,2085,98],{"className":2086},[97],[29,2088,2090],{"className":2089},[69],[29,2091,2093],{"className":2092,"style":105},[73],[29,2094],{}," about each axis comes from the same three sources as the Eurocode check: the ",[29,2097,2099],{"className":2098},[32],[29,2100,2102],{"className":2101,"ariaHidden":37},[36],[29,2103,2105,2109],{"className":2104},[41],[29,2106],{"className":2107,"style":2108},[45],"height:0.9805em;vertical-align:-0.2861em;",[29,2110,2112,2115],{"className":2111},[50],[29,2113,255],{"className":2114,"style":254},[50,54],[29,2116,2118],{"className":2117},[60],[29,2119,2121,2142],{"className":2120},[64,65],[29,2122,2124,2139],{"className":2123},[69],[29,2125,2127],{"className":2126,"style":74},[73],[29,2128,2130,2133],{"style":2129},"top:-2.55em;margin-left:-0.0315em;margin-right:0.05em;",[29,2131],{"className":2132,"style":82},[81],[29,2134,2136],{"className":2135},[86,87,88,89],[29,2137,1581],{"className":2138,"style":986},[50,54,89],[29,2140,98],{"className":2141},[97],[29,2143,2145],{"className":2144},[69],[29,2146,2148],{"className":2147,"style":1656},[73],[29,2149],{},"\nand ",[29,2152,2154],{"className":2153},[32],[29,2155,2157],{"className":2156,"ariaHidden":37},[36],[29,2158,2160,2164],{"className":2159},[41],[29,2161],{"className":2162,"style":2163},[45],"height:0.8444em;vertical-align:-0.15em;",[29,2165,2167,2170],{"className":2166},[50],[29,2168,255],{"className":2169,"style":254},[50,54],[29,2171,2173],{"className":2172},[60],[29,2174,2176,2196],{"className":2175},[64,65],[29,2177,2179,2193],{"className":2178},[69],[29,2180,2182],{"className":2181,"style":74},[73],[29,2183,2184,2187],{"style":2129},[29,2185],{"className":2186,"style":82},[81],[29,2188,2190],{"className":2189},[86,87,88,89],[29,2191,1600],{"className":2192,"style":1599},[50,54,89],[29,2194,98],{"className":2195},[97],[29,2197,2199],{"className":2198},[69],[29,2200,2202],{"className":2201,"style":105},[73],[29,2203],{}," stored on each member, a named ",[110,2206,2208],{"href":2207},"\u002Fkb\u002Fanalysis\u002Fbuckling","buckling analysis",", or the\nend-restraint estimate. A factor set on the check for one member outranks all three. The\nunbraced length for LTB is ",[29,2211,2213],{"className":2212},[32],[29,2214,2216,2271,2333],{"className":2215,"ariaHidden":37},[36],[29,2217,2219,2222,2262,2265,2268],{"className":2218},[41],[29,2220],{"className":2221,"style":46},[45],[29,2223,2225,2228],{"className":2224},[50],[29,2226,194],{"className":2227},[50,54],[29,2229,2231],{"className":2230},[60],[29,2232,2234,2254],{"className":2233},[64,65],[29,2235,2237,2251],{"className":2236},[69],[29,2238,2240],{"className":2239,"style":795},[73],[29,2241,2242,2245],{"style":209},[29,2243],{"className":2244,"style":82},[81],[29,2246,2248],{"className":2247},[86,87,88,89],[29,2249,808],{"className":2250},[50,54,89],[29,2252,98],{"className":2253},[97],[29,2255,2257],{"className":2256},[69],[29,2258,2260],{"className":2259,"style":105},[73],[29,2261],{},[29,2263],{"className":2264,"style":235},[234],[29,2266,240],{"className":2267},[239],[29,2269],{"className":2270,"style":235},[234],[29,2272,2274,2277,2324,2327,2330],{"className":2273},[41],[29,2275],{"className":2276,"style":2163},[45],[29,2278,2280,2283],{"className":2279},[50],[29,2281,255],{"className":2282,"style":254},[50,54],[29,2284,2286],{"className":2285},[60],[29,2287,2289,2316],{"className":2288},[64,65],[29,2290,2292,2313],{"className":2291},[69],[29,2293,2295],{"className":2294,"style":1336},[73],[29,2296,2297,2300],{"style":2129},[29,2298],{"className":2299,"style":82},[81],[29,2301,2303],{"className":2302},[86,87,88,89],[29,2304,2306,2309],{"className":2305},[50,89],[29,2307,194],{"className":2308},[50,54,89],[29,2310,2312],{"className":2311,"style":297},[50,54,89],"T",[29,2314,98],{"className":2315},[97],[29,2317,2319],{"className":2318},[69],[29,2320,2322],{"className":2321,"style":105},[73],[29,2323],{},[29,2325],{"className":2326,"style":259},[234],[29,2328,264],{"className":2329},[263],[29,2331],{"className":2332,"style":259},[234],[29,2334,2336,2339],{"className":2335},[41],[29,2337],{"className":2338,"style":274},[45],[29,2340,194],{"className":2341},[50,54],", from the member. See\n",[110,2344,2346],{"href":2345},"\u002Fkb\u002Fdesign-checks\u002Fsteel#buckling-lengths","Where the buckling lengths come from",[127,2348,2350],{"id":2349},"not-covered","Not covered",[11,2352,2353],{},"Each of these is raised as a message on the check itself, never silently ignored:",[2355,2356,2357,2364,2463,2469,2475,2485,2491],"ul",{},[2358,2359,2360,2363],"li",{},[20,2361,2362],{},"E5 single angles and E6 built-up members",", and the flexural-torsional forms of E4\nfor singly symmetric and unsymmetric shapes.",[2358,2365,2366,2462],{},[20,2367,2368,2369],{},"Round HSS with ",[29,2370,2372],{"className":2371},[32],[29,2373,2375,2403],{"className":2374,"ariaHidden":37},[36],[29,2376,2378,2381,2385,2389,2393,2396,2400],{"className":2377},[41],[29,2379],{"className":2380,"style":700},[45],[29,2382,2384],{"className":2383,"style":382},[50,54],"D",[29,2386,2388],{"className":2387},[50],"\u002F",[29,2390,2392],{"className":2391},[50,54],"t",[29,2394],{"className":2395,"style":235},[234],[29,2397,2399],{"className":2398},[239],">",[29,2401],{"className":2402,"style":235},[234],[29,2404,2406,2410,2414,2419,2422],{"className":2405},[41],[29,2407],{"className":2408,"style":2409},[45],"height:1.0361em;vertical-align:-0.2861em;",[29,2411,2413],{"className":2412},[50],"0.45",[29,2415,2418],{"className":2416,"style":2417},[50,54],"margin-right:0.0576em;","E",[29,2420,2388],{"className":2421},[50],[29,2423,2425,2428],{"className":2424},[50],[29,2426,355],{"className":2427,"style":297},[50,54],[29,2429,2431],{"className":2430},[60],[29,2432,2434,2454],{"className":2433},[64,65],[29,2435,2437,2451],{"className":2436},[69],[29,2438,2440],{"className":2439,"style":74},[73],[29,2441,2442,2445],{"style":313},[29,2443],{"className":2444,"style":82},[81],[29,2446,2448],{"className":2447},[86,87,88,89],[29,2449,1581],{"className":2450,"style":986},[50,54,89],[29,2452,98],{"className":2453},[97],[29,2455,2457],{"className":2456},[69],[29,2458,2460],{"className":2459,"style":1656},[73],[29,2461],{},", which Chapter E does not cover. Such a member is\nrefused rather than checked on its gross area.",[2358,2464,2465,2468],{},[20,2466,2467],{},"A box with a slender web",", which F7.3 does not reach.",[2358,2470,2471,2474],{},[20,2472,2473],{},"D2-2",", tensile rupture on the net section. There is no connection model.",[2358,2476,2477,2480,2481,2484],{},[20,2478,2479],{},"F9 \u002F F10"," tees, double angles and single angles, and ",[20,2482,2483],{},"F2 channels",". These fall back\nto the yield moment with a loud disclosure, never a silent approximation.",[2358,2486,2487,2490],{},[20,2488,2489],{},"Warping torsion."," The six-degree-of-freedom beam carries St. Venant torsion only.",[2358,2492,2493],{},"Connections, base plates, foundations, fatigue and fire.",[11,2495,2496,2497,2549,2550,2603],{},"Also not implemented in the ",[29,2498,2500],{"className":2499},[32],[29,2501,2503],{"className":2502,"ariaHidden":37},[36],[29,2504,2506,2509],{"className":2505},[41],[29,2507],{"className":2508,"style":46},[45],[29,2510,2512,2515],{"className":2511},[50],[29,2513,782],{"className":2514,"style":781},[50,54],[29,2516,2518],{"className":2517},[60],[29,2519,2521,2541],{"className":2520},[64,65],[29,2522,2524,2538],{"className":2523},[69],[29,2525,2527],{"className":2526,"style":795},[73],[29,2528,2529,2532],{"style":798},[29,2530],{"className":2531,"style":82},[81],[29,2533,2535],{"className":2534},[86,87,88,89],[29,2536,808],{"className":2537},[50,54,89],[29,2539,98],{"className":2540},[97],[29,2542,2544],{"className":2543},[69],[29,2545,2547],{"className":2546,"style":105},[73],[29,2548],{}," derivation: the general López–Yong–Serna expression with\nend-restraint factors (only its unrestrained form is), and the ECCS 119 \u002F Galea tables,\nwhich additionally yield ",[29,2551,2553],{"className":2552},[32],[29,2554,2556],{"className":2555,"ariaHidden":37},[36],[29,2557,2559,2562],{"className":2558},[41],[29,2560],{"className":2561,"style":46},[45],[29,2563,2565,2568],{"className":2564},[50],[29,2566,782],{"className":2567,"style":781},[50,54],[29,2569,2571],{"className":2570},[60],[29,2572,2574,2595],{"className":2573},[64,65],[29,2575,2577,2592],{"className":2576},[69],[29,2578,2581],{"className":2579,"style":2580},[73],"height:0.3011em;",[29,2582,2583,2586],{"style":798},[29,2584],{"className":2585,"style":82},[81],[29,2587,2589],{"className":2588},[86,87,88,89],[29,2590,1040],{"className":2591},[50,89],[29,2593,98],{"className":2594},[97],[29,2596,2598],{"className":2597},[69],[29,2599,2601],{"className":2600,"style":105},[73],[29,2602],{}," for transverse loads not acting at the shear centre. Both\nneed model data Elementarium does not carry: warping restraint, and the height at which a\nload is applied.",[127,2605,125],{"id":2606},"older-module",[11,2608,2609,2611,2612,2705,2706,114],{},[15,2610,120],{}," takes compression as gross-section yielding, ",[29,2613,2615],{"className":2614},[32],[29,2616,2618],{"className":2617,"ariaHidden":37},[36],[29,2619,2621,2624,2664],{"className":2620},[41],[29,2622],{"className":2623,"style":1614},[45],[29,2625,2627,2630],{"className":2626},[50],[29,2628,355],{"className":2629,"style":297},[50,54],[29,2631,2633],{"className":2632},[60],[29,2634,2636,2656],{"className":2635},[64,65],[29,2637,2639,2653],{"className":2638},[69],[29,2640,2642],{"className":2641,"style":74},[73],[29,2643,2644,2647],{"style":313},[29,2645],{"className":2646,"style":82},[81],[29,2648,2650],{"className":2649},[86,87,88,89],[29,2651,1581],{"className":2652,"style":986},[50,54,89],[29,2654,98],{"className":2655},[97],[29,2657,2659],{"className":2658},[69],[29,2660,2662],{"className":2661,"style":1656},[73],[29,2663],{},[29,2665,2667,2670],{"className":2666},[50],[29,2668,401],{"className":2669},[50,54],[29,2671,2673],{"className":2672},[60],[29,2674,2676,2697],{"className":2675},[64,65],[29,2677,2679,2694],{"className":2678},[69],[29,2680,2682],{"className":2681,"style":74},[73],[29,2683,2684,2687],{"style":209},[29,2685],{"className":2686,"style":82},[81],[29,2688,2690],{"className":2689},[86,87,88,89],[29,2691,2693],{"className":2692,"style":986},[50,54,89],"g",[29,2695,98],{"className":2696},[97],[29,2698,2700],{"className":2699},[69],[29,2701,2703],{"className":2702,"style":1656},[73],[29,2704],{},", and so\ndivides the H1-1 interaction by a strength no real column has. It stays registered so that\nchecks created with it reproduce the numbers they were issued with. Such a check offers the\nupgrade to Member resistance; taking it is your decision, because Chapter E raises the\nutilisation of every compression member. See\n",[110,2707,2709],{"href":2708},"\u002Fkb\u002Fdesign-checks#module-versions","Module versions",{"title":2711,"searchDepth":2712,"depth":2712,"links":2713},"",2,[2714,2715,2716,2717,2718,2719,2720],{"id":129,"depth":2712,"text":130},{"id":538,"depth":2712,"text":539},{"id":758,"depth":2712,"text":759},{"id":1560,"depth":2712,"text":1561},{"id":2039,"depth":2712,"text":2040},{"id":2349,"depth":2712,"text":2350},{"id":2606,"depth":2712,"text":125},"Member strength to Chapters D to H, LRFD or ASD — compression buckling, lateral-torsional buckling and every C_b option written down.","md",false,{},true,null,"\u002Fkb\u002Fdesign-checks\u002Faisc",{"title":6,"description":2721},{"loc":2727},"kb\u002Fdesign-checks\u002Faisc","GK3KL5P3HECY8CHHeiusjD845ukhbiHSRL2U1GHnNkQ",{"sections":2733,"extras":3040,"flat":3053},[2734,2769,2812,2831,2864,2894,2917,2948,2975,3002,3017],{"path":2735,"slug":2736,"title":2737,"description":2738,"icon":2739,"articles":2740},"\u002Fkb\u002Fgetting-started","getting-started","Getting started","From an empty tab to a solved, checked structure — the three guides that get you productive in Elementarium.","lucide:rocket",[2741,2745,2749,2753,2757,2761,2765],{"path":2742,"title":2743,"description":2744,"translated":2725},"\u002Fkb\u002Fgetting-started\u002Fkeyboard-shortcuts","Keyboard shortcuts","Every key binding in the workspace, the pointer gestures in the viewports, what the number fields accept, and what the command palette understands.",{"path":2746,"title":2747,"description":2748,"translated":2725},"\u002Fkb\u002Fgetting-started\u002Fquickstart","Quickstart","Build a portal frame, load it, solve it and read the bending moment diagram — about ten minutes from an empty tab.",{"path":2750,"title":2751,"description":2752,"translated":2725},"\u002Fkb\u002Fgetting-started\u002Fscope-and-limits","Scope and limits","What Elementarium models, solves and checks today, and what it does not — on one page, before you commit a job to it.",{"path":2754,"title":2755,"description":2756,"translated":2725},"\u002Fkb\u002Fgetting-started\u002Fsystem-requirements","System requirements","Which browsers and devices run Elementarium, how threading affects solve speed, and where the practical ceiling on model size comes from.",{"path":2758,"title":2759,"description":2760,"translated":2725},"\u002Fkb\u002Fgetting-started\u002Finterface-tour","Tour of the workspace","The ribbon, properties panel, dockable viewports, table dock, command palette and status bar — what each part of the editor is for.",{"path":2762,"title":2763,"description":2764,"translated":2725},"\u002Fkb\u002Fgetting-started\u002Funits","Units","How units work in Elementarium — SI inside, your unit system on screen — and the handful of conversions that cause most wrong answers in structural models.",{"path":2766,"title":2767,"description":2768,"translated":2725},"\u002Fkb\u002Fgetting-started\u002Ffirst-analysis","Your first analysis","Load cases, combinations and a linear static solve — then how to decide whether the answer is trustworthy.",{"path":2770,"slug":2771,"title":2772,"description":2773,"icon":2774,"articles":2775},"\u002Fkb\u002Fmodeling","modeling","Modeling","Bars, beams, 3D frames, slabs and walls. Geometry, sections, supports and releases that behave like the real structure.","lucide:frame",[2776,2780,2784,2788,2792,2796,2800,2804,2808],{"path":2777,"title":2778,"description":2779,"translated":2725},"\u002Fkb\u002Fmodeling\u002Fbars-beams-and-trusses","Bars, beams and trusses","When a member should be a bar and when a beam, how to model trusses and bracing, and what to do about members that only work in tension.",{"path":2781,"title":2782,"description":2783,"translated":2725},"\u002Fkb\u002Fmodeling\u002Fdrawings-and-snapping","Drawings & snapping","Importing a DXF as a reference underlay, choosing its units and plane, and snapping model geometry onto it accurately.",{"path":2785,"title":2786,"description":2787,"translated":2725},"\u002Fkb\u002Fmodeling\u002Felastic-foundations","Elastic foundations","Grade beams, strip footings and walls on ground as line supports on springs — choosing a subgrade modulus, and where the model stops being true.",{"path":2789,"title":2790,"description":2791,"translated":2725},"\u002Fkb\u002Fmodeling\u002Fplane-frames-in-3d","Plane frames in a 3D solver","When to use the 2D Frame and 2D Truss model types, why a flat structure in a 3D model is a mechanism, and how to restrain it.",{"path":2793,"title":2794,"description":2795,"translated":2725},"\u002Fkb\u002Fmodeling\u002Fsections-and-materials","Sections & materials","What a section and a material contribute to the stiffness matrix and the design checks, and the values worth checking twice.",{"path":2797,"title":2798,"description":2799,"translated":2725},"\u002Fkb\u002Fmodeling\u002Fsurfaces","Slabs, walls and shells","Modelling surfaces in Elementarium — outlines, openings and thickness, how a beam or a wall attaches to a slab, local axes, and what a surface result means.",{"path":2801,"title":2802,"description":2803,"translated":2725},"\u002Fkb\u002Fmodeling\u002Fstructure-generators","Structure generators","Thirty-five parametric structures — trusses, frames, arches, towers, domes and shells — generated from a few dimensions, with supports and loads.",{"path":2805,"title":2806,"description":2807,"translated":2725},"\u002Fkb\u002Fmodeling\u002Fsupports-and-releases","Supports & releases","Pins, fixities, springs and end releases — what each one does to the stiffness matrix, and when each is right.",{"path":2809,"title":2810,"description":2811,"translated":2725},"\u002Fkb\u002Fmodeling\u002Ffirst-model","Your first model","The modeling loop end to end — geometry, sections, supports and releases — on a structure small enough to check by hand.",{"path":2813,"slug":2814,"title":2815,"description":2816,"icon":2817,"articles":2818},"\u002Fkb\u002Fmeshing","meshing","Meshing","Mesh density, local refinement and the quality checks that tell you when a mesh is fine enough to trust.","lucide:grid-3x3",[2819,2823,2827],{"path":2820,"title":2821,"description":2822,"translated":2725},"\u002Fkb\u002Fmeshing\u002Felement-size","Choosing element size","Starting mesh densities for slabs, walls and rafts, and the convergence test that decides whether a mesh is fine enough.",{"path":2824,"title":2825,"description":2826,"translated":2725},"\u002Fkb\u002Fmeshing\u002Frefinement","Local refinement","Where to spend elements, where not to bother, and how to refine without wrecking element shape.",{"path":2828,"title":2829,"description":2830,"translated":2725},"\u002Fkb\u002Fmeshing\u002Fquality-checks","Mesh quality","Aspect ratio, skew and warping — what degrades a result, what the mesher reports, and how to tell whether the elements you are worried about matter.",{"path":2832,"slug":2833,"title":2834,"description":2835,"icon":2836,"articles":2837},"\u002Fkb\u002Floads","loads","Loads & combinations","Build load cases, generate code combinations automatically and find out which one actually governs.","lucide:arrow-down-to-line",[2838,2840,2844,2848,2852,2856,2860],{"path":754,"title":755,"description":2839,"translated":2725},"LRFD and ASD combinations to ASCE 7-22 — how the generator maps your load groups onto D, L, Lr, S, W and E, and pairing them with the AISC check.",{"path":2841,"title":2842,"description":2843,"translated":2725},"\u002Fkb\u002Floads\u002Fcombinations","Automatic combinations","Generating EN 1990 and ASCE 7 combinations, understanding the equations behind them, and reading the generated set critically.",{"path":2845,"title":2846,"description":2847,"translated":2725},"\u002Fkb\u002Floads\u002Fenvelopes","Envelopes","Extracting the governing value across dozens of combinations without reading every one — and the traps in doing so.",{"path":2849,"title":2850,"description":2851,"translated":2725},"\u002Fkb\u002Floads\u002Fload-cases","Load cases","Actions, self-weight, imposed loads and load arrangements — how to build cases that stay separable.",{"path":2853,"title":2854,"description":2855,"translated":2725},"\u002Fkb\u002Floads\u002Fload-panels","Load panels","Areas that hand a floor, roof or wall pressure to the members around them as line loads, one way or two way, without meshing a slab.",{"path":2857,"title":2858,"description":2859,"translated":2725},"\u002Fkb\u002Floads\u002Ftemperature-loads","Temperature loads","Uniform temperature change and through-depth gradients — what each does to a free and a restrained structure, and the coefficients to use.",{"path":2861,"title":2862,"description":2863,"translated":2725},"\u002Fkb\u002Floads\u002Fwind-and-snow","Wind and snow","Wind to EN 1991-1-4 and snow to EN 1991-1-3, generated on a building envelope — site inputs, recognised roof shapes, the cases produced, and the limits.",{"path":2865,"slug":2866,"title":2867,"description":2868,"icon":2869,"articles":2870},"\u002Fkb\u002Fanalysis","analysis","Analysis types","Linear static, modal, linear buckling and second-order — what each analysis assumes, what it returns and how to read the result.","lucide:activity",[2871,2875,2878,2882,2886,2890],{"path":2872,"title":2873,"description":2874,"translated":2725},"\u002Fkb\u002Fanalysis\u002Fsolvers","Choosing a linear solver","Conjugate gradients with Jacobi, incomplete Cholesky or multigrid, or a direct factorisation — what each does, how to watch it, and when the choice matters.",{"path":2207,"title":2876,"description":2877,"translated":2725},"Linear buckling","Critical load factors and buckling shapes — what α_cr means, why it is an upper bound, and how to use it for second-order effects.",{"path":2879,"title":2880,"description":2881,"translated":2725},"\u002Fkb\u002Fanalysis\u002Flinear-static","Linear static analysis","The workhorse analysis — what K u = f actually assumes, what it returns, and where linearity stops being a reasonable 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